Light Reactions and Endosymbiosis Quiz & Some Photosynthesis Notes Flashcards
thylakoid: a different … system within the stroma– .. interior– of the chloroplast, contains a system that provides new … to chlorophyll which derive from ….
membrane; fluid; electrons; water molecules
enzymes on the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane break up water molecules into …, …, and …
2 electrons; 2 hydrogen ions; 1 oxygen atom
the 2 electrons replace the … chlorophyll loses to the …. Oxygen is released into the air as … and the 2 hydrogens are …
high-energy electrons; ETC; gas; released inside the membrane
high-energy electrons move through the ETC from … to … and the energy provided by them is used in the ETC to transport the … from the … to the …
photosystem II; photosystem I; hydrogen ions; stroma; inner thylakoid
pigments in Photosystem I use energy from … to re-energize electrons, which then reduce …, which becomes …, as … is added as well
light; NADP+; NADPH; H+
the inside of the thylakoid membrane becomes … charged due to the … inside and the outside becomes … charged, leading to a difference in charges that provides energy for …. through …
positively; H+ ions; negatively; ATP production; ATP synthase
photophosphorylation: use of … as energy source to …
light; convert ADP to ATP
photosynthesis provides energy in the form of …. as well to drive biochemical synthesis of …
reduced coenzymes; carbohydrates
non-cyclic electron transport utilizes both
photosystem II and photosystem I
cyclic electron transport only uses … and does not provide the ….
photosystem I; reduced coenzymes
cyclic photophosphorylation converts ADP to ATP for immediate energy for …, as these cells do not require photosynthesis as a means of …
simple prokaryotes; building biological molecules
cyclic photophosphorylation uses … and …
photosystem I; chlorophyll P700
(cyclic photophosphorylation) two photons fit the response of the pigments and are captured by the antenna complex and transferred to the …, which provides 2 high energy … to the …. These are passed to ferrodoxin (iron containing protein that acts as an …). A second one, plastoquinone carries the electrons to two ….
Photosystem I reaction center; electrons; electron receptor; electron carrier; cytochromes
(cyclic photophosphorylation) energy is provided to produce a … across the membrane which is used for ATP production. Electrons are returned to plastocynanin to the … in the reaction center, completing the cycle
proton gradient; P700 pigment
cyclic electron flow also can occur when the ATP supply … and …. It does not involve … (…) and … is not evolved.
drops; NADPH levels rise; photolysis (water splitting); oxygen
chloroplasts continue cyclic photophosphorylation until the
atp supply is replenished
in non-cyclic electron flow, the active reaction center is …, both … and … are produced, …. occurs and … is evolved. Predominant in green plants
P680; ATP; NADPH; water splitting; oxygen
(chapter 7) photosynthesis: conversion of … energy to … energy of a …
solar; chemical; carb
(chapter 7) autotrophs: … organisms, like land plants, algae, cyanobacteria
photosynthetic
(chapter 7) producers: organisms that can synthesize
carbs
(chapter 7) consumers: take in preformed ….; …
organic molecules; heterotrophs
(chapter 7) fermentation of plant material produces …, a type of fuel
ethanol
(chapter 7) photosynthesis occurs in … portions of plants
green
(chapter 7) leaves of flowering plants contain …, comprised of cells specialized for photosynthesis
mesophyll tissue
(chapter 7) roots of a plant absorb …, which moves in vascular tissue up the step to a leaf via …
water; leaf veins
(chapter 7) CO2 from the air enters the leaf through small openings called …
stomata
(chapter 7) after entering a leaf, water and CO2 diffuse into …–organelles that carry on photosynthesis
chloroplasts
(chapter 7) chloroplasts have … membranes, fluid interior is called …,
double; stroma
(chapter 7) membrane system in stroma forms flattened sacs called …
stacks of these are called …
thylakoids; grana
(chapter 7) thylakoid space: inner compartment formed due to connects between the spaces of
all thylakoids
(chapter 7) chloroplast membranes provide much … for photosynthesis
surface area
(chapter 7) thylakoid membrane contains … and other … that absorb solar energy
chlorophyll; pigments
(chapter 7) stroma contains an enzyme-rich solution where CO2 is first … to an …. and is then reduced to a …
attached; organic compound; carb
(chapter 7) organisms release CO2 when they respire, which is used by photosynthesizers to form carbs, which (particularly gloucose) are chief source of chemical energy for most organisms –> interdependent relationship between … and …
autotrophs; heterotrophs
(chapter 7) photosynthesis involves …. electrons gained/lost are often accompanied by … such that oxidation is the loss of … and reduction is the gain of …
redox; H+ ions; H atoms; H atoms
(chapter 7) solar energy is not used directly during photosynthesis, but is converted to
ATP molecules
(chapter 7) electrons needed to reduce CO2 are carried by a
coenzyme
(chapter 7) NADP+ is the … active during photosynthesis
redox coenzyme
(chapter 7) when reduced, NADP+ accepts … and … and when NADPH is oxidized it gives up its …
2 e-; 1 H+; electrons
(chapter 7) C.B. van Niel found that oxygen given off by photosynthesizers comes from
water
(chapter 7) oxygen in CO2, though, comes from the
air
(chapter 7) water splits during photosynthesis, releasing …. The H atoms (H+ + e-) are taken up by ….
oxygen; NADP+
(chapter 7) NADPH later reduces … to a …
CO2; carb
(chapter 7) photosynthesis consists of 2 sets of reactions: …. and …
light reactions; Calvin cycle reactions
(chapter 7) light reactions: only occur during …. hours when … is available.
daylight; solar
(chapter 7) chlorophyll largely responsible for absorbing the … that drives photosynthesis
solar energy
(chapter 7) light reactions-
solar energy energizes electrons that move down an .., releasing and capturing energy to produce …
electron transport chain; ATP
(chapter 7) light reactions-
energized electrons are also taken up by .., reducing it into …
equation to summarize light reactions: ….
NADP+; NADPH;
solar energy –> chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)
(chapter 7) calvin cycle-
enzymatic reactions that reduce … to a … in the ….
enzymes are located in the …
CO2; carb; stroma; stroma
(chapter 7) calvin cycle-
CO2 is taken up, reduced to a … which can later be converted to …
carb; glucose
(chapter 7) equation to summarize Calvin cycle:
…
chemical energy (ATP, NADPH) –> chemical energy (carb)
(chapter 7) during light reactions:
1) … is absorbed
2) … is split, releasing …
3) … and … are produced
solar energy; H2O; oxygen; ATP; NADPH
(chapter 7) during Calvin cycle:
1) … is absorbed
2) … is reduced to a …, using … and …
3) … as …. and …. taken back to …. so carb production can continue
CO2; CO2; carb; ATP; NADPH; ATP; ADP + P; NADP+ light reactions
(chapter 7) visible light is most prevalent in the environment: suggests that organic molecules and processes in organisms, such as vision and photosynthesis, are chemically adapted to the radiation associated with
visible light
(chapter 7) pigment molecules absorb …. of …,; most absorb only some … and ../… the others
wavelengths; light; wavelengths; reflect; transmit
(chapter 7) pigments in chloroplasts absorb various portions of …. –> …
visible light; absorption spectrum
(chapter 7) photosynthetic organisms differ in the type of … they contain:
plants- … and … play prominent roles, with … playing accessory roles
chlorophyll; chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b; carotenoids
(chapter 7) Chlorophylls a and b absorb …, …, and … light better than others and transmit and reflect ….
violet; blue; red; green
(chapter 7) carotenoids absorb light in the …. range, and are shades of … and …
violet-blue-green; yellow; orange
(chapter 7) spectrophotometers measure amount of … that pass through a sample that is exposed to different …, allowing for calculations of how much was absorbed. amount of it absorbed at each … is plotted on a graph and the result is a record of the pigment’s absorption spectrum
light; wavelengths; wavelength
(chapter 7) photosystem: … complex (molecules of …, …, and …) and … molecules, in the thylakoid membrane
pigment; chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b; carotenoids; electron acceptor
(chapter 7) pigment complex act as an … for gathering …
antenna; solar energy
(chapter 7) light reactions use 2 photosystems: ….
photosystem I & II
(chapter 7) during light reactions, electrons usually follow a …. pathway that starts with photosystem …
noncyclic; II
(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
pigment complex absorbs solar energy, which is passed from 1 pigment to the other until it is concentrated in a particular pair of …. molecules called the …
chlorophyll a; reaction center
(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
electrons in the reaction center become so energized that they … and move to nearby …
escape; electron acceptor molecules
(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
to avoid disintegration of PS II, replacement electrons are provided through …., releasing … into the atmosphere. The H+ ions stay in the … and contribute to the formation of an …
splitting water; oxygen; thylakoid space; H+ gradient
(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
an electron acceptor sends energized electrons down an … – a series of … that pass electrons from one to the other
electron transport chain; carriers
(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
as electrons move from one carrier to the next, energy is captured and stored in the form of an …
when these ions flow down their electrochemical gradient through …, … is produced and is then used by the … to reduce CO2 to a carb
H+ gradient; ATP synthase; ATP; Calvin cycle
(chapter 7) when PS I pigment complex absorbs solar energy, energized electrons leave the reaction center and are captured by acceptors that pass their electrons to …. molecules. each … accepts .. and an …, forming … used with … in the Calvin cycle
NADP+; NADP+; 2 electrons; H+; NADPH; ATP
(chapter 7) more … than NADPH is required during the Calvin cycle, and ATP & NADPH aren’t made in equal amounts in light reactions:
an electron moving down noncyclic pathway is rerouted back to an earlier point in the ETC every so often. this cyclic pathway enables electrons to participate in more …, moving more … across the thylakoid membrane, through …, ultimately producing more ATP
ATP; redox reactions; H+; ATP synthase
(chapter 7) molecular complexes in the thylakoid membrane:
- PS II: pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules, receives … from … as it splits and releases …
- ETC: consists of … (plastoquinone) and … complexes, carriers … from PS II to PS I via … reactions; … pumps H+ from the … into the …
electrons; water; oxygen; Pq; cytochrome; electrons; redox; Pq; stroma; thylakoid space
(chapter 7) other molecular complexes in the thylakoid membrane:
- PS I: consists of a pigment complex and electron-acceptor molecules, adjacent to …, which reduces … to …
- ATP synthase complex: has a … and protruding …., an enzyme that joins … and …
NADP reductase; NADP+; NADPH; channel; ATP synthase; ADP; P
(chapter 7) the thylakoid space acts as a reservoir for many …
each time H2O is oxidized, … remain in the thylakoid space
H+ ions; 2 H+
(chapter 7) As electrons move from carrier to carrier via redox reactions along the ETC, they give up energy that is used to pump … from the … into the …, causing there to be more … in the thylakoid space
H+; stroma; thylakoid space; H+
(chapter 7) this difference and the resulting flow of H+ from high to low concentration provides … that allows ATP synthase to produce … –> ….
kinetic energy; ATP; chemiosmosis
(chapter 7) calvin cycle includes:
carbon dioxide … (step 1)
carbon dioxide … (step 2)
regeneration of … (step 3)
fixation; reduction; RuBP
(chapter 7) During CO2 fixation, a molecule of CO2 from the atmosphere is attached to …, a … molecule, forming a … molecule that splits into 2 … molecules
RuBP; 5-C; 6-C; 3-C
(chapter 7) RuBP carboxylase: enzyme that speeds up …, makes up about ..-…% of protein content in chloroplasts
abundant because it is unusually ..
CO2 fixation; 20; 50; slow
(chapter 7) the first 3-C molecule in the calvin cycle is … (3-phosphoglycerate)
each of 2 of these molecules undergoes .. to … (glyceraldehyde- 3- phosphate) in 2 steps:
… –> … –> …
3PG; reduction; G3P; 3PG; BPG; G3P
(chapter 7) As 3PG becomes G3P, ATP becomes … and NADPH becomes …
ADP + P; NADP+
(chapter 7) this sequence signifies the reduction of CO2 to a carb because … has become …. Energy and electrons needed for this reduction reaction are supplied by … and …
R-CO2; R-CH2O; ATP; NADPH
(chapter 7) It takes .. turns of the Calvin cycle to allow one … to exit because for every 3 turns, 5 molecules of … are used to re-form 3 molecules of
equation:
3; G3P; G3P; RuBP;
5G3P —> 3RuBP
(chapter 7) As 5 molecules of G3P become 3 molecules of RuBP, 3 molecules of … become 3 molecules of ..
ATP; ADP + P
(chapter 7) G3P can be converted to other molecules a plant needs such as …, which can be combined with .. to form … –> molecule that plants use to transport … from 1 part of the plant to another
glucose phosphate; fructose; sucrose; carbs
(chapter 7) glucose phosphate is the starting pt for synthesis of … and …
plants can use …’s hydrocarbon skeleton to form … and …
when nitrogen is added to the hydrocarbon skeleton derived fro m.., … are formed, allowing the plant to produce …
starch; cellulose; G3P’s; fatty acids; glycerol; G3P; amino acids; proteins
(NJCTL notes) as simple prokaryotes continued to evolve, the systems of ATP synthesis and electron transport evolved more efficient and more complex systems. cyclic electron transport returns electrons to the … after ….
pigments; proton transport
(NJCTL notes) cyclic electron transport-
notice the addition of … and the transport of electrons from the … to this specialized protein that functions as an efficient transporter of … across the membrane
cytochrome; photosystem; hydrogens
(NJCTL notes) from a combination of cyclic electron transport and the storing of energy in the bonds of carbon atoms, a new process is born: …
chloroplasts use this process to produce all … and …
non-cyclic electron transport; sugars; carbs
(NJCTL notes) the absorption of light and creation of ATP, called the … of photosynthesis, take place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
light reactions
(NJCTL notes) Photosystem II is the first strcuture in the series. Light excites the pigments of the photosystem and electrons are sent to the …. simultaneously, water molecules are being … and providing their electrons to the photosystem. water is the … of electrons. electrons are not returned to the pigments (…)
electron transport chain; split; primary donor; non-cyclic
(NJCTL notes) the electron transport chain moves proteins as described in cyclic electron transfer. the electrons are no longer … because of the …. they are then donated to the next step
excited; energy transfer
(NJCTL notes) Photosystem I re-excites the electrons using … these high energy electrons are used to reduce a molecule of … to … this will carry the electrons to the Calvin cycle
light energy; NADP; NADPH
(NJCTL notes) Finally, the proton gradient is used to generate … The enzyme ATP synthase takes advantage of the energy of the hydrogen ions’ natural diffusion down its gradient, using it t attach a phosphate to ADP
ATP
(NJCTL notes) Calvin cycle uses … and … produced from the light-dependent reactions to reduce … and produce sugar- this is called …
ATP; NADPH; CO2; carbon fixation
(NJCTL notes) the sugar produced is a 3-C molecule called glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate (…). the calvin cycle must occur … times to produce 1 G3P since it only fixes one … in each cycle;
G3P; 3; CO2
(NJCTL notes) in 3 turns of the calvin cycle we use … and … and … to make 1 3-C sugar
9 ATP; 6 NADPH; 3 CO2
(NJCTL notes) an excited electron is … in the higher energy level and must release the energy it gained from the photon. in a pigment molecule the energy can be released in several ways: …, …., ….
unstable; fluorescence; reaction initiation; resonance transfer
(NJCTL notes) fluorescence: if the electron has no other way to release its energy, it will drop back down to its ….as the electron drops, energy is released as a …. the energy released is slightly less than the energy, but with the same .., as the photon that excited it. this process is called …
ground state; photon; frequency; fluorescence
(NJCTL notes) the excited electron can provide the … necessary to initiate a chemical reaction –> reaction initiation (e.g. hydrogen peroxide, iodine)
activation energy
(NJCTL notes) if the excited electron is in close proximity to another pigment molecule, it can … its energy to an electron in the neighboring pigment molecule through a process called …. the energy will continue to move between … and …. pigment molecules without …. This results in no overall … in …
transfer; resonance transfer; donor; acceptor; releasing a photon; change; energy
(NJCTL notes) early prokaryotes used pigment and its properties to trap … and utilize it to do work, becoming more abundant because they found a new infinite energy source.
light energy
(NJCTL notes) photosystems are the first organic system to turn energy from sunlight into …. they are a conglomeration of … that have the ability to use enzymatic activity and resonance transfer to produce … and are more closely related to formation of …
chemical energy; protein pigments; atp; mitochondria
(NJCTL notes) symbiosis: bacterial cells of different species tightly associate with one another and use each others’ products as
reactants
(NJCTL notes) several species of prokaryote, each with a separate function, are believed to have come together to form … capable of … Evidence supports the endosymbiotic origins of both … and …
one cell; multiple functions; chloroplasts; mitochondria
(NJCTL notes) both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own … separate from the …. This is …, resembling that of prokaryotes
DNA; nuclear DNA; circular
(NJCTL notes) in addition, notice that as smaller cells, known as …, are engulfed by the larger cells they become … in … both chloroplasts and mitochondria possess these …
plastids; doubly wrapped; membranes; double membranes
(NJCTL notes) endosymbiosis increases the … of cells’ descendant of this process
metabolic activity
(NJCTL notes) the endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, by … a … that developed a …. within the host cell
engulfing; free-living bacterium; symbiotic relationship
mitochondria were derived … from the endosymbiosis of an … bacterium, and chloroplasts were derived later from the endosymbiosis of a … much of the bacteria’s genomes have been incorporated into the genome of the … and now compliment the … of the host
first; aerobic; cyanobacteria; host; life process
the ancestors of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells were free-living bacteria that synthesized ATP via an …, and chloroplasts were free-living …
electron transport chain; photosynthetic prokaryotes
the endosymbiotic theory states that a … cell engulfed these prokaryotes, which then became …
nucleated; organelles
the nucleated cell and the engulfed bacteria co-evolved the ability to synthesize … via …
ATP; oxidative phosphorylation
evidence for endosymbiotic theory:
present day mitochondria and chloroplasts have a … that lies within range of that for bacteria
mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own … and make some of their own …
the mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by …, as do bacteria
the outer membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble that of a …, while the inner membrane resembles that of a ….
size; DNA; proteins; binary fission; eukaryotic cell; bacterial cell
