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AP Bio > Light Reactions and Endosymbiosis Quiz & Some Photosynthesis Notes > Flashcards

Light Reactions and Endosymbiosis Quiz & Some Photosynthesis Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

thylakoid: a different … system within the stroma– .. interior– of the chloroplast, contains a system that provides new … to chlorophyll which derive from ….

A

membrane; fluid; electrons; water molecules

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2
Q

enzymes on the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane break up water molecules into …, …, and …

A

2 electrons; 2 hydrogen ions; 1 oxygen atom

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3
Q

the 2 electrons replace the … chlorophyll loses to the …. Oxygen is released into the air as … and the 2 hydrogens are …

A

high-energy electrons; ETC; gas; released inside the membrane

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4
Q

high-energy electrons move through the ETC from … to … and the energy provided by them is used in the ETC to transport the … from the … to the …

A

photosystem II; photosystem I; hydrogen ions; stroma; inner thylakoid

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5
Q

pigments in Photosystem I use energy from … to re-energize electrons, which then reduce …, which becomes …, as … is added as well

A

light; NADP+; NADPH; H+

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6
Q

the inside of the thylakoid membrane becomes … charged due to the … inside and the outside becomes … charged, leading to a difference in charges that provides energy for …. through …

A

positively; H+ ions; negatively; ATP production; ATP synthase

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7
Q

photophosphorylation: use of … as energy source to …

A

light; convert ADP to ATP

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8
Q

photosynthesis provides energy in the form of …. as well to drive biochemical synthesis of …

A

reduced coenzymes; carbohydrates

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9
Q

non-cyclic electron transport utilizes both

A

photosystem II and photosystem I

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10
Q

cyclic electron transport only uses … and does not provide the ….

A

photosystem I; reduced coenzymes

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11
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation converts ADP to ATP for immediate energy for …, as these cells do not require photosynthesis as a means of …

A

simple prokaryotes; building biological molecules

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12
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation uses … and …

A

photosystem I; chlorophyll P700

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13
Q

(cyclic photophosphorylation) two photons fit the response of the pigments and are captured by the antenna complex and transferred to the …, which provides 2 high energy … to the …. These are passed to ferrodoxin (iron containing protein that acts as an …). A second one, plastoquinone carries the electrons to two ….

A

Photosystem I reaction center; electrons; electron receptor; electron carrier; cytochromes

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14
Q

(cyclic photophosphorylation) energy is provided to produce a … across the membrane which is used for ATP production. Electrons are returned to plastocynanin to the … in the reaction center, completing the cycle

A

proton gradient; P700 pigment

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15
Q

cyclic electron flow also can occur when the ATP supply … and …. It does not involve … (…) and … is not evolved.

A

drops; NADPH levels rise; photolysis (water splitting); oxygen

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16
Q

chloroplasts continue cyclic photophosphorylation until the

A

atp supply is replenished

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17
Q

in non-cyclic electron flow, the active reaction center is …, both … and … are produced, …. occurs and … is evolved. Predominant in green plants

A

P680; ATP; NADPH; water splitting; oxygen

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18
Q

(chapter 7) photosynthesis: conversion of … energy to … energy of a …

A

solar; chemical; carb

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19
Q

(chapter 7) autotrophs: … organisms, like land plants, algae, cyanobacteria

A

photosynthetic

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20
Q

(chapter 7) producers: organisms that can synthesize

A

carbs

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21
Q

(chapter 7) consumers: take in preformed ….; …

A

organic molecules; heterotrophs

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22
Q

(chapter 7) fermentation of plant material produces …, a type of fuel

A

ethanol

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23
Q

(chapter 7) photosynthesis occurs in … portions of plants

A

green

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24
Q

(chapter 7) leaves of flowering plants contain …, comprised of cells specialized for photosynthesis

A

mesophyll tissue

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25
Q

(chapter 7) roots of a plant absorb …, which moves in vascular tissue up the step to a leaf via …

A

water; leaf veins

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26
Q

(chapter 7) CO2 from the air enters the leaf through small openings called …

A

stomata

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27
Q

(chapter 7) after entering a leaf, water and CO2 diffuse into …–organelles that carry on photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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28
Q

(chapter 7) chloroplasts have … membranes, fluid interior is called …,

A

double; stroma

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29
Q

(chapter 7) membrane system in stroma forms flattened sacs called …
stacks of these are called …

A

thylakoids; grana

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30
Q

(chapter 7) thylakoid space: inner compartment formed due to connects between the spaces of

A

all thylakoids

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31
Q

(chapter 7) chloroplast membranes provide much … for photosynthesis

A

surface area

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32
Q

(chapter 7) thylakoid membrane contains … and other … that absorb solar energy

A

chlorophyll; pigments

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33
Q

(chapter 7) stroma contains an enzyme-rich solution where CO2 is first … to an …. and is then reduced to a …

A

attached; organic compound; carb

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34
Q

(chapter 7) organisms release CO2 when they respire, which is used by photosynthesizers to form carbs, which (particularly gloucose) are chief source of chemical energy for most organisms –> interdependent relationship between … and …

A

autotrophs; heterotrophs

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35
Q

(chapter 7) photosynthesis involves …. electrons gained/lost are often accompanied by … such that oxidation is the loss of … and reduction is the gain of …

A

redox; H+ ions; H atoms; H atoms

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36
Q

(chapter 7) solar energy is not used directly during photosynthesis, but is converted to

A

ATP molecules

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37
Q

(chapter 7) electrons needed to reduce CO2 are carried by a

A

coenzyme

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38
Q

(chapter 7) NADP+ is the … active during photosynthesis

A

redox coenzyme

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39
Q

(chapter 7) when reduced, NADP+ accepts … and … and when NADPH is oxidized it gives up its …

A

2 e-; 1 H+; electrons

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40
Q

(chapter 7) C.B. van Niel found that oxygen given off by photosynthesizers comes from

A

water

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41
Q

(chapter 7) oxygen in CO2, though, comes from the

A

air

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42
Q

(chapter 7) water splits during photosynthesis, releasing …. The H atoms (H+ + e-) are taken up by ….

A

oxygen; NADP+

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43
Q

(chapter 7) NADPH later reduces … to a …

A

CO2; carb

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44
Q

(chapter 7) photosynthesis consists of 2 sets of reactions: …. and …

A

light reactions; Calvin cycle reactions

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45
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions: only occur during …. hours when … is available.

A

daylight; solar

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46
Q

(chapter 7) chlorophyll largely responsible for absorbing the … that drives photosynthesis

A

solar energy

47
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions-

solar energy energizes electrons that move down an .., releasing and capturing energy to produce …

A

electron transport chain; ATP

48
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions-
energized electrons are also taken up by .., reducing it into …
equation to summarize light reactions: ….

A

NADP+; NADPH;

solar energy –> chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)

49
Q

(chapter 7) calvin cycle-
enzymatic reactions that reduce … to a … in the ….
enzymes are located in the …

A

CO2; carb; stroma; stroma

50
Q

(chapter 7) calvin cycle-

CO2 is taken up, reduced to a … which can later be converted to …

A

carb; glucose

51
Q

(chapter 7) equation to summarize Calvin cycle:

…

A

chemical energy (ATP, NADPH) –> chemical energy (carb)

52
Q

(chapter 7) during light reactions:

1) … is absorbed
2) … is split, releasing …
3) … and … are produced

A

solar energy; H2O; oxygen; ATP; NADPH

53
Q

(chapter 7) during Calvin cycle:

1) … is absorbed
2) … is reduced to a …, using … and …
3) … as …. and …. taken back to …. so carb production can continue

A

CO2; CO2; carb; ATP; NADPH; ATP; ADP + P; NADP+ light reactions

54
Q

(chapter 7) visible light is most prevalent in the environment: suggests that organic molecules and processes in organisms, such as vision and photosynthesis, are chemically adapted to the radiation associated with

A

visible light

55
Q

(chapter 7) pigment molecules absorb …. of …,; most absorb only some … and ../… the others

A

wavelengths; light; wavelengths; reflect; transmit

56
Q

(chapter 7) pigments in chloroplasts absorb various portions of …. –> …

A

visible light; absorption spectrum

57
Q

(chapter 7) photosynthetic organisms differ in the type of … they contain:
plants- … and … play prominent roles, with … playing accessory roles

A

chlorophyll; chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b; carotenoids

58
Q

(chapter 7) Chlorophylls a and b absorb …, …, and … light better than others and transmit and reflect ….

A

violet; blue; red; green

59
Q

(chapter 7) carotenoids absorb light in the …. range, and are shades of … and …

A

violet-blue-green; yellow; orange

60
Q

(chapter 7) spectrophotometers measure amount of … that pass through a sample that is exposed to different …, allowing for calculations of how much was absorbed. amount of it absorbed at each … is plotted on a graph and the result is a record of the pigment’s absorption spectrum

A

light; wavelengths; wavelength

61
Q

(chapter 7) photosystem: … complex (molecules of …, …, and …) and … molecules, in the thylakoid membrane

A

pigment; chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b; carotenoids; electron acceptor

62
Q

(chapter 7) pigment complex act as an … for gathering …

A

antenna; solar energy

63
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions use 2 photosystems: ….

A

photosystem I & II

64
Q

(chapter 7) during light reactions, electrons usually follow a …. pathway that starts with photosystem …

A

noncyclic; II

65
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
pigment complex absorbs solar energy, which is passed from 1 pigment to the other until it is concentrated in a particular pair of …. molecules called the …

A

chlorophyll a; reaction center

66
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-

electrons in the reaction center become so energized that they … and move to nearby …

A

escape; electron acceptor molecules

67
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
to avoid disintegration of PS II, replacement electrons are provided through …., releasing … into the atmosphere. The H+ ions stay in the … and contribute to the formation of an …

A

splitting water; oxygen; thylakoid space; H+ gradient

68
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-

an electron acceptor sends energized electrons down an … – a series of … that pass electrons from one to the other

A

electron transport chain; carriers

69
Q

(chapter 7) light reactions, noncyclic pathway-
as electrons move from one carrier to the next, energy is captured and stored in the form of an …
when these ions flow down their electrochemical gradient through …, … is produced and is then used by the … to reduce CO2 to a carb

A

H+ gradient; ATP synthase; ATP; Calvin cycle

70
Q

(chapter 7) when PS I pigment complex absorbs solar energy, energized electrons leave the reaction center and are captured by acceptors that pass their electrons to …. molecules. each … accepts .. and an …, forming … used with … in the Calvin cycle

A

NADP+; NADP+; 2 electrons; H+; NADPH; ATP

71
Q

(chapter 7) more … than NADPH is required during the Calvin cycle, and ATP & NADPH aren’t made in equal amounts in light reactions:
an electron moving down noncyclic pathway is rerouted back to an earlier point in the ETC every so often. this cyclic pathway enables electrons to participate in more …, moving more … across the thylakoid membrane, through …, ultimately producing more ATP

A

ATP; redox reactions; H+; ATP synthase

72
Q

(chapter 7) molecular complexes in the thylakoid membrane:

  • PS II: pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules, receives … from … as it splits and releases …
  • ETC: consists of … (plastoquinone) and … complexes, carriers … from PS II to PS I via … reactions; … pumps H+ from the … into the …
A

electrons; water; oxygen; Pq; cytochrome; electrons; redox; Pq; stroma; thylakoid space

73
Q

(chapter 7) other molecular complexes in the thylakoid membrane:

  • PS I: consists of a pigment complex and electron-acceptor molecules, adjacent to …, which reduces … to …
  • ATP synthase complex: has a … and protruding …., an enzyme that joins … and …
A

NADP reductase; NADP+; NADPH; channel; ATP synthase; ADP; P

74
Q

(chapter 7) the thylakoid space acts as a reservoir for many …
each time H2O is oxidized, … remain in the thylakoid space

A

H+ ions; 2 H+

75
Q

(chapter 7) As electrons move from carrier to carrier via redox reactions along the ETC, they give up energy that is used to pump … from the … into the …, causing there to be more … in the thylakoid space

A

H+; stroma; thylakoid space; H+

76
Q

(chapter 7) this difference and the resulting flow of H+ from high to low concentration provides … that allows ATP synthase to produce … –> ….

A

kinetic energy; ATP; chemiosmosis

77
Q

(chapter 7) calvin cycle includes:
carbon dioxide … (step 1)
carbon dioxide … (step 2)
regeneration of … (step 3)

A

fixation; reduction; RuBP

78
Q

(chapter 7) During CO2 fixation, a molecule of CO2 from the atmosphere is attached to …, a … molecule, forming a … molecule that splits into 2 … molecules

A

RuBP; 5-C; 6-C; 3-C

79
Q

(chapter 7) RuBP carboxylase: enzyme that speeds up …, makes up about ..-…% of protein content in chloroplasts
abundant because it is unusually ..

A

CO2 fixation; 20; 50; slow

80
Q

(chapter 7) the first 3-C molecule in the calvin cycle is … (3-phosphoglycerate)
each of 2 of these molecules undergoes .. to … (glyceraldehyde- 3- phosphate) in 2 steps:
… –> … –> …

A

3PG; reduction; G3P; 3PG; BPG; G3P

81
Q

(chapter 7) As 3PG becomes G3P, ATP becomes … and NADPH becomes …

A

ADP + P; NADP+

82
Q

(chapter 7) this sequence signifies the reduction of CO2 to a carb because … has become …. Energy and electrons needed for this reduction reaction are supplied by … and …

A

R-CO2; R-CH2O; ATP; NADPH

83
Q

(chapter 7) It takes .. turns of the Calvin cycle to allow one … to exit because for every 3 turns, 5 molecules of … are used to re-form 3 molecules of
equation:

A

3; G3P; G3P; RuBP;

5G3P —> 3RuBP

84
Q

(chapter 7) As 5 molecules of G3P become 3 molecules of RuBP, 3 molecules of … become 3 molecules of ..

A

ATP; ADP + P

85
Q

(chapter 7) G3P can be converted to other molecules a plant needs such as …, which can be combined with .. to form … –> molecule that plants use to transport … from 1 part of the plant to another

A

glucose phosphate; fructose; sucrose; carbs

86
Q

(chapter 7) glucose phosphate is the starting pt for synthesis of … and …
plants can use …’s hydrocarbon skeleton to form … and …
when nitrogen is added to the hydrocarbon skeleton derived fro m.., … are formed, allowing the plant to produce …

A

starch; cellulose; G3P’s; fatty acids; glycerol; G3P; amino acids; proteins

87
Q

(NJCTL notes) as simple prokaryotes continued to evolve, the systems of ATP synthesis and electron transport evolved more efficient and more complex systems. cyclic electron transport returns electrons to the … after ….

A

pigments; proton transport

88
Q

(NJCTL notes) cyclic electron transport-
notice the addition of … and the transport of electrons from the … to this specialized protein that functions as an efficient transporter of … across the membrane

A

cytochrome; photosystem; hydrogens

89
Q

(NJCTL notes) from a combination of cyclic electron transport and the storing of energy in the bonds of carbon atoms, a new process is born: …
chloroplasts use this process to produce all … and …

A

non-cyclic electron transport; sugars; carbs

90
Q

(NJCTL notes) the absorption of light and creation of ATP, called the … of photosynthesis, take place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

A

light reactions

91
Q

(NJCTL notes) Photosystem II is the first strcuture in the series. Light excites the pigments of the photosystem and electrons are sent to the …. simultaneously, water molecules are being … and providing their electrons to the photosystem. water is the … of electrons. electrons are not returned to the pigments (…)

A

electron transport chain; split; primary donor; non-cyclic

92
Q

(NJCTL notes) the electron transport chain moves proteins as described in cyclic electron transfer. the electrons are no longer … because of the …. they are then donated to the next step

A

excited; energy transfer

93
Q

(NJCTL notes) Photosystem I re-excites the electrons using … these high energy electrons are used to reduce a molecule of … to … this will carry the electrons to the Calvin cycle

A

light energy; NADP; NADPH

94
Q

(NJCTL notes) Finally, the proton gradient is used to generate … The enzyme ATP synthase takes advantage of the energy of the hydrogen ions’ natural diffusion down its gradient, using it t attach a phosphate to ADP

A

ATP

95
Q

(NJCTL notes) Calvin cycle uses … and … produced from the light-dependent reactions to reduce … and produce sugar- this is called …

A

ATP; NADPH; CO2; carbon fixation

96
Q

(NJCTL notes) the sugar produced is a 3-C molecule called glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate (…). the calvin cycle must occur … times to produce 1 G3P since it only fixes one … in each cycle;

A

G3P; 3; CO2

97
Q

(NJCTL notes) in 3 turns of the calvin cycle we use … and … and … to make 1 3-C sugar

A

9 ATP; 6 NADPH; 3 CO2

98
Q

(NJCTL notes) an excited electron is … in the higher energy level and must release the energy it gained from the photon. in a pigment molecule the energy can be released in several ways: …, …., ….

A

unstable; fluorescence; reaction initiation; resonance transfer

99
Q

(NJCTL notes) fluorescence: if the electron has no other way to release its energy, it will drop back down to its ….as the electron drops, energy is released as a …. the energy released is slightly less than the energy, but with the same .., as the photon that excited it. this process is called …

A

ground state; photon; frequency; fluorescence

100
Q

(NJCTL notes) the excited electron can provide the … necessary to initiate a chemical reaction –> reaction initiation (e.g. hydrogen peroxide, iodine)

A

activation energy

101
Q

(NJCTL notes) if the excited electron is in close proximity to another pigment molecule, it can … its energy to an electron in the neighboring pigment molecule through a process called …. the energy will continue to move between … and …. pigment molecules without …. This results in no overall … in …

A

transfer; resonance transfer; donor; acceptor; releasing a photon; change; energy

102
Q

(NJCTL notes) early prokaryotes used pigment and its properties to trap … and utilize it to do work, becoming more abundant because they found a new infinite energy source.

A

light energy

103
Q

(NJCTL notes) photosystems are the first organic system to turn energy from sunlight into …. they are a conglomeration of … that have the ability to use enzymatic activity and resonance transfer to produce … and are more closely related to formation of …

A

chemical energy; protein pigments; atp; mitochondria

104
Q

(NJCTL notes) symbiosis: bacterial cells of different species tightly associate with one another and use each others’ products as

A

reactants

105
Q

(NJCTL notes) several species of prokaryote, each with a separate function, are believed to have come together to form … capable of … Evidence supports the endosymbiotic origins of both … and …

A

one cell; multiple functions; chloroplasts; mitochondria

106
Q

(NJCTL notes) both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own … separate from the …. This is …, resembling that of prokaryotes

A

DNA; nuclear DNA; circular

107
Q

(NJCTL notes) in addition, notice that as smaller cells, known as …, are engulfed by the larger cells they become … in … both chloroplasts and mitochondria possess these …

A

plastids; doubly wrapped; membranes; double membranes

108
Q

(NJCTL notes) endosymbiosis increases the … of cells’ descendant of this process

A

metabolic activity

109
Q

(NJCTL notes) the endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, by … a … that developed a …. within the host cell

A

engulfing; free-living bacterium; symbiotic relationship

110
Q

mitochondria were derived … from the endosymbiosis of an … bacterium, and chloroplasts were derived later from the endosymbiosis of a … much of the bacteria’s genomes have been incorporated into the genome of the … and now compliment the … of the host

A

first; aerobic; cyanobacteria; host; life process

111
Q

the ancestors of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells were free-living bacteria that synthesized ATP via an …, and chloroplasts were free-living …

A

electron transport chain; photosynthetic prokaryotes

112
Q

the endosymbiotic theory states that a … cell engulfed these prokaryotes, which then became …

A

nucleated; organelles

113
Q

the nucleated cell and the engulfed bacteria co-evolved the ability to synthesize … via …

A

ATP; oxidative phosphorylation

114
Q

evidence for endosymbiotic theory:
present day mitochondria and chloroplasts have a … that lies within range of that for bacteria
mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own … and make some of their own …
the mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by …, as do bacteria
the outer membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble that of a …, while the inner membrane resembles that of a ….

A

size; DNA; proteins; binary fission; eukaryotic cell; bacterial cell

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