Types of Chemicals Flashcards
a hydrocarbon whose molecules have a closed ring structure
cyclic (hydrocarbon)
a polymer that can be bent or twisted by an outside force and return to its previous shape once the force is removed
elastomer
a hydrocarbon that contains carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
unsaturated (hydrocarbon)
a covalently bonded molecule that does not possess a dipole moment because of the arrangement of its atoms
non-polar molecule
a compound that has a specific number of water molecules bonded to each formula unit
hydrate
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (general formula CnH2n-2)
alkyne
an insoluble solid formed by a chemical reaction between two soluble compounds
precipitate
chemicals in which one or more carbon atoms are linked by covalent bonds with one or more halogen atoms
halocarbon
an unstable isotope of an element
radioisotope
a hydrocarbon (often a derivative of benzene) with a stable cyclic, planar structure
aromatic (compound)
a substance that has other substances dissolved in it
solvent
compounds that have the same formula but different arrangements of atoms around a fixed carbon-carbon double bond
geometric isomers (also called cis-trans iosmers)
a hydrocarbon that consists of chains or non-aromatic rings whose carbon atoms are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen or carbon atoms
saturated (hydrocarbon)
an acid formed from a polyatomic ion that contains oxygen, hydrogen, and one other acid
oxoacid or oxyacid
a substance that is dissolved in a solution
solute
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into smaller particles and retain the same properties
element
atoms of an element that are chemically similar but have different numbers of neutrons and thus different mass numbers
isotopes
a proton that is bonded to a water molecule (chemical formula H3O+)
hydronium ion
water with a low concentration of dissolved ions
soft water
a compound that does not have any water molecules bonded to it (applies to compounds that can be hydrated)
anhydrous (compound)
a solid (such as glass) in which the atoms are irregularly arranged
amorphous or non-crystalline (solid)
a hypothetical gas with particles that have mass but no volume or attractive forces between them
ideal (gas)
a substance that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair
Lewis acid or electrophile
a substance that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure
liquid
a small, repeating molecular unit in a polymer chain
monomer
an acid that contains two hydrogen ions that can dissociate
diprotic (acid)
an organic compound characterized by the presence of a carbonyl (C=O) function group bonded to a nitrogen atom
amide
a functional group consisting of a hydroxyl group attached to the C atom of a carbonyl group (-COOH)
carboxyl group
an -OH functional group
hydroxyl group
a compound that is composed of two elements
binary (compound)
an organic compound characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
ketone
a hydrocarbon group derived from an alkane by the removal of a hydrogen atom; often a substitution group or branch on an organic molecule
alkyl group
a molecular compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms
hydrocarbon
any ionic compound that is formed in a neutralization reaction from the anion of an acid and the cation of a base
salt
one of a family of organic compounds that is characterized by the presence of a -COOH group
carboxylic acid
a solid metallic solution
alloy
an acid that contains only one hydrogen ion that can dissociate
monoprotic (acid)
a gas of ions and free electrons
plasma
an organic compound containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain
amino acid
an organic compound with two alkyl groups attached to an oxygen atom
ether
a functional group containing a carbon atom joined with a double covalent bond to an oxygen (C=O)
carbonyl group
substances that are able to mix with each other in any proportion
miscible (substances); the opposite of miscible is immiscible
a positively charged ion
cation
a solid in which the atoms are tightly bound to each other in a regular geometric lattice
crystalline (solid)
a very long molecule formed by that covalent bonding of many smaller, identical molecular units
polymer
an acid or base that completely dissociates into ions in aqueous solutions
strong (acid or base)
ions that are present in a solution but are not involved in the chemical reaction
spectator (ions)
a positively or negatively charged particle that results from a neutral atom or group of atoms giving up or gaining electrons
ion
a substance that is formed by a chemical reaction
product
a solution in which no more of a particular solute can be dissolved at a specific temperature
saturated (solution)
a negatively charged ion
anion
an organic compound characterized by a terminal carbonyl (C=O) functional group bonded to an H
aldehyde
a combination of two or more kinds of matter in which each component retains its own characteristics
mixture
the reactant that is completely consumed during a chemical reaction
limiting reactant
an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6, composed of six carbon atoms joined in a ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each
benzene
an organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
alcohol
a hydrocarbon that consists of chains or non-aromatic rings; the carbon atoms are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen or carbon atoms
aliphatic (compound)
a substance that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding
Lewis base or nucleophile
a solution in which water is the solvent
aqueous (solution)
a substance that is a proton (hydrogen ion) donor
Brønsted–Lowry acid
a mixture in which the different components can be distinctly seen
heterogeneous (mixture)
an alkane in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with a halogen atom as a result of a substitution reaction
alkyl halide
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (general formula CnH2n)
alkene
water with a high concentration of dissolved ions
hard water
a molecule that has an uneven distribution of charge: one end has a partial positive charge and the other has a partial negative charge
polar molecule
a substance that is a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor
Brønsted–Lowry base
the particle that results when a base receives a proton
conjugate acid
an acid or base that only slightly dissociates into ions in aqueous solutions
weak (acid or base)
a mixture in which the different components are mixed so that they appear to be a single substance
homogeneous (mixture) or solution
an element in which atoms tend to bond with other atoms of the same element, forming a molecule that contains two atoms
diatomic element
a solute that conducts a current in an aqueous solution
electrolyte
a solution in which more of a particular solute can be dissolved at a specific temperature
unsaturated (solution)
a mixture that maintains a nearly constant pH when diluted or when a strong acid or base is added; an equal mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base
buffer
a hydrocarbon that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds (general formula CnH2n+2)
alkane
a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed
catalyst
a substance that undergoes a chemical change in a chemical reaction
reactant
compounds that have the same chemical formula but different molecular arrangements and properties
isomers
the particle that remains when a proton is removed from an acid
conjugate base
an organic compound characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen atom
ester
a material that is composed of only one type of particle
pure substance
