Internal Systems Grade 11 Vocabulary Flashcards by Trevor Pryhorocki

relaxation stage of the cardiac cycle that allows blood to flow into the heart chambers

diastole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

group of organs that work together to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment

respiratory system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

liquid component of blood that contains salts, proteins, hormones, and dissolved nutrients and gases

plasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

region that receives food and also air inhaled through the mouth

oral cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a feather-like extension of the body surface that specializes in gas exchange in fish

gill

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

instrument that measures the vital capacity of the lungs

respirometer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

low-pressure system that conveys blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

volume of air that passes into and out of the lungs in one breath

tidal volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

uptake of air into the lungs

inhalation or inspiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

structure at the top of the trachea that contains the vocal cords

larynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inadequate oxygen transport throughout the body resulting from a decrease in blood hemoglobin or red blood cells

anemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

flat structure in gill filaments of a fish that increase the surface area for gas exchange

lamellae (singular: lamella)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

small flap of connective tissue that moves between the esophagus and the trachea to separate the materials that pass to each

epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart

superior vena cava

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

organ that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormone insulin (which helps sugar to enter cells); also releases bicarbonate ion to make the duodenum alkaline

pancreas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fragments of bone marrow cells that help blood clot

platelets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

organ that mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus; begins the process of mechanical and chemical digestion

mouth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the largest artery in the body; accepts blood from the left ventricle during systole

aorta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

amount of air that the lungs retain after maximal expiration

residual volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

breakdown of food particles by digestive fluids

chemical digestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first section of the vertebrate small intestine, where food is mixed with bile and pancreatic enzymes

duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

skeletal structure that supports a fish gill

gill arch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after tidal exhalation

expiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

group of organs that work together to perform a similar function

organ system

organ that absorbs some vitamins and also water from feces before elimination

large intestine

state of constancy in an organism's internal environment despite changes in the external environment

homeostasis

transplantation of an animal organ into a human

xenotransplantation

muscles that surround the ribes and help expand the thoracic cavity during inspiration

intercostal muscles

finger-like extensions of the inner surface of the small intestine

villi (singular: villus)

organic molecule used as a major energy source for body functions; formed by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (with the ratio between hydrogen and oxygen approximately 2:1)

carbohydrate

measurement of ECG and blood pressure during physical activity to test for the presence of coronary artery disease

exercise stress test

specialized muscle in the right atrium that generates an electrical signal and maintains the heart's pumping rhythm

sinoatrial node

paste that results after the stomach partially digests food

chyme

part of the respiratory system composed of rings of cartilage that help keep the airway open; filters air and traps particles in mucus before they can enter the bronchi

trachea

organ that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food, notably the breakdown of proteins in its acidic environment

stomach

muscle layer along the digestive tract that contracts to shorten the tract

longitudinal smooth muscle

blood cells that help to protect the body fro disease and infection

leucocytes (white blood cells)

takeover of a body function by an organ to make up for the inadequate functioning of another organ

compensation

large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart

inferior vena cava

muscular tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart

septum

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium

bicuspid or mitial valve

muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; moves downward during inspiration and relaxes during expiration

diaphragm

region above the diaphragm that contains the lungs and the heart

thoracic cavity

sites of gas exchange between air and blood; their thin membranes allow for efficient diffusion

alveoli

protein-based molecule that contains iron and binds oxygen in a red blood cell

hemoglobin

expulsion of air from the lungs

exhalation or expiration

open-ended muscular tube that forms a digestive tract between the mouth and anus of an organism

alimentary canal

artery that brings blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

pulmonary artery

diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood

external respiration

substance that an organism requires in minimal amounts

micronutrient

the chamber shared between the respiratory and digestive and tracts; conducts air to the larynx and food to the esophagus

pharynx

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary semilunar valve

additional volume of air that the lungs take in during a deep breath

inspiratory reserve volume

organ that stores bile produced by the liver and releases it to the duodenum

gall bladder

muscle layer that encircles the digestive tract and contracts to constrict the tract

circular smooth muscle

organ that forms the foundation of the respiratory system in humans

lung

uptake of nutrients through the skin, mucous membrane, or cell membrane of an animal

absorption

uptake of food into the body

ingestion

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium

tricuspid valve

moist mass of food in the mouth, partially digested by the teeth and salivary glands before swallowing

bolus

chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood

left atrium

persistently high blood pressure

hypertension

inorganic nutrient that an organism requires in small amounts

mineral

vein that brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium; the only vein that carries oxygenated blood

pulmonary vein

long, muscular tube that receives food from the pharynx and passes it to the stomach

esophagus

maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold

total lung capacity

instrument that measures blood pressure

sphygomomanometer

blood cells with hemoglobin that transports oxygen throughout the body

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down proteins

protease

the two main branches from the trachea, entering the lungs

bronchi (singular: bronchus)

delivery of oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart tissue

coronary circulation

the smaller airways formed as main bronchi divide

bronchioles

the major site of absorption of nutrient molecules through specialized villi

small intestine

muscle that forms the heart wall

myocardium

strand-like molecule that joins with others to form a blood clot

fibrin

enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down lipids

lipase

chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation

left ventricle

layer of connective tissue that supports the vessels and nerves of the digestive tract

submucosa

organ that synthesizes bile (and also removes toxins from the blood and other metabolic functions)

liver

region of the respiratory tube lined with mucus and cilia that receives, moistens, and filters air inhaled through the nose

nasal cavity

graphic representation of the heart's electrical activity

electrocardiogram (ECG)

flat bony plates that cover the gills of a fish

opercula (singular: operculum)

chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulatory system

right ventricle

high-pressure system that conveys blood from the heart to the rest of the blood

systemic circuit

opposed directional flow of water and blood through the gills of a fish, allowing efficient gas exchange

countercurrent flow

breakdown of a solid food mass into smaller components by muscular activity

mechanical digestion

coordinated muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

peristalsis

chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood

right atrium

the five muscular structures that pump blood through an earthworm

pseudohearts or aortic arches

diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood in the capillaries and the cells in body tissue

internal respiration

extraction of a leg vein and its incorporation into the arterial system to redirect blood flow around a diseased heart artery

bypass surgery

connective tissue that separates the digestive tract from other abdominal organs

serosa

contraction stage of the cardiac cycle that expels blood from the heart chambers

systole

region beneath the diaphragm that contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs

abdominal cavity

lining of the intestine where absorption occurs

mucosa

maximum amount of air that the respiratory system can expel without impairing lung function

vital capacity

substance that an organism requires in relatively large amounts

macronutrient

organic nutrient required by an organism in small amounts and usually functions as a coenzyme

vitamin

decreased diameter and elasticity of blood vessels due to accumulation of fatty deposits in the lining

atherosclerosis