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Trevor's Ultimate Everything > Internal Systems Grade 11 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Internal Systems Grade 11 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

relaxation stage of the cardiac cycle that allows blood to flow into the heart chambers

A

diastole

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2
Q

group of organs that work together to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment

A

respiratory system

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3
Q

liquid component of blood that contains salts, proteins, hormones, and dissolved nutrients and gases

A

plasma

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4
Q

region that receives food and also air inhaled through the mouth

A

oral cavity

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5
Q

a feather-like extension of the body surface that specializes in gas exchange in fish

A

gill

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6
Q

instrument that measures the vital capacity of the lungs

A

respirometer

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7
Q

low-pressure system that conveys blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

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8
Q

volume of air that passes into and out of the lungs in one breath

A

tidal volume

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9
Q

uptake of air into the lungs

A

inhalation or inspiration

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10
Q

structure at the top of the trachea that contains the vocal cords

A

larynx

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11
Q

inadequate oxygen transport throughout the body resulting from a decrease in blood hemoglobin or red blood cells

A

anemia

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12
Q

flat structure in gill filaments of a fish that increase the surface area for gas exchange

A

lamellae (singular: lamella)

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13
Q

small flap of connective tissue that moves between the esophagus and the trachea to separate the materials that pass to each

A

epiglottis

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14
Q

large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart

A

superior vena cava

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15
Q

organ that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormone insulin (which helps sugar to enter cells); also releases bicarbonate ion to make the duodenum alkaline

A

pancreas

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16
Q

fragments of bone marrow cells that help blood clot

A

platelets

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17
Q

organ that mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus; begins the process of mechanical and chemical digestion

A

mouth

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18
Q

the largest artery in the body; accepts blood from the left ventricle during systole

A

aorta

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19
Q

amount of air that the lungs retain after maximal expiration

A

residual volume

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20
Q

breakdown of food particles by digestive fluids

A

chemical digestion

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21
Q

first section of the vertebrate small intestine, where food is mixed with bile and pancreatic enzymes

A

duodenum

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22
Q

skeletal structure that supports a fish gill

A

gill arch

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23
Q

volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after tidal exhalation

A

expiratory reserve volume

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24
Q

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

A

aortic semilunar valve

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25
Q

group of organs that work together to perform a similar function

A

organ system

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26
Q

organ that absorbs some vitamins and also water from feces before elimination

A

large intestine

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27
Q

state of constancy in an organism’s internal environment despite changes in the external environment

A

homeostasis

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28
Q

transplantation of an animal organ into a human

A

xenotransplantation

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29
Q

muscles that surround the ribes and help expand the thoracic cavity during inspiration

A

intercostal muscles

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30
Q

finger-like extensions of the inner surface of the small intestine

A

villi (singular: villus)

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31
Q

organic molecule used as a major energy source for body functions; formed by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (with the ratio between hydrogen and oxygen approximately 2:1)

A

carbohydrate

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32
Q

measurement of ECG and blood pressure during physical activity to test for the presence of coronary artery disease

A

exercise stress test

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33
Q

specialized muscle in the right atrium that generates an electrical signal and maintains the heart’s pumping rhythm

A

sinoatrial node

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34
Q

paste that results after the stomach partially digests food

A

chyme

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35
Q

part of the respiratory system composed of rings of cartilage that help keep the airway open; filters air and traps particles in mucus before they can enter the bronchi

A

trachea

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36
Q

organ that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food, notably the breakdown of proteins in its acidic environment

A

stomach

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37
Q

muscle layer along the digestive tract that contracts to shorten the tract

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

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38
Q

blood cells that help to protect the body fro disease and infection

A

leucocytes (white blood cells)

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39
Q

takeover of a body function by an organ to make up for the inadequate functioning of another organ

A

compensation

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40
Q

large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart

A

inferior vena cava

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41
Q

muscular tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart

A

septum

42
Q

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium

A

bicuspid or mitial valve

43
Q

muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; moves downward during inspiration and relaxes during expiration

A

diaphragm

44
Q

region above the diaphragm that contains the lungs and the heart

A

thoracic cavity

45
Q

sites of gas exchange between air and blood; their thin membranes allow for efficient diffusion

A

alveoli

46
Q

protein-based molecule that contains iron and binds oxygen in a red blood cell

A

hemoglobin

47
Q

expulsion of air from the lungs

A

exhalation or expiration

48
Q

open-ended muscular tube that forms a digestive tract between the mouth and anus of an organism

A

alimentary canal

49
Q

artery that brings blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

50
Q

diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood

A

external respiration

51
Q

substance that an organism requires in minimal amounts

A

micronutrient

52
Q

the chamber shared between the respiratory and digestive and tracts; conducts air to the larynx and food to the esophagus

A

pharynx

53
Q

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

54
Q

additional volume of air that the lungs take in during a deep breath

A

inspiratory reserve volume

55
Q

organ that stores bile produced by the liver and releases it to the duodenum

A

gall bladder

56
Q

muscle layer that encircles the digestive tract and contracts to constrict the tract

A

circular smooth muscle

57
Q

organ that forms the foundation of the respiratory system in humans

A

lung

58
Q

uptake of nutrients through the skin, mucous membrane, or cell membrane of an animal

A

absorption

59
Q

uptake of food into the body

A

ingestion

60
Q

valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium

A

tricuspid valve

61
Q

moist mass of food in the mouth, partially digested by the teeth and salivary glands before swallowing

A

bolus

62
Q

chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood

A

left atrium

63
Q

persistently high blood pressure

A

hypertension

64
Q

inorganic nutrient that an organism requires in small amounts

A

mineral

65
Q

vein that brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium; the only vein that carries oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

66
Q

long, muscular tube that receives food from the pharynx and passes it to the stomach

A

esophagus

67
Q

maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold

A

total lung capacity

68
Q

instrument that measures blood pressure

A

sphygomomanometer

69
Q

blood cells with hemoglobin that transports oxygen throughout the body

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

70
Q

enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down proteins

A

protease

71
Q

the two main branches from the trachea, entering the lungs

A

bronchi (singular: bronchus)

72
Q

delivery of oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart tissue

A

coronary circulation

73
Q

the smaller airways formed as main bronchi divide

A

bronchioles

74
Q

the major site of absorption of nutrient molecules through specialized villi

A

small intestine

75
Q

muscle that forms the heart wall

A

myocardium

76
Q

strand-like molecule that joins with others to form a blood clot

A

fibrin

77
Q

enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down lipids

A

lipase

78
Q

chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation

A

left ventricle

79
Q

layer of connective tissue that supports the vessels and nerves of the digestive tract

A

submucosa

80
Q

organ that synthesizes bile (and also removes toxins from the blood and other metabolic functions)

A

liver

81
Q

region of the respiratory tube lined with mucus and cilia that receives, moistens, and filters air inhaled through the nose

A

nasal cavity

82
Q

graphic representation of the heart’s electrical activity

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

83
Q

flat bony plates that cover the gills of a fish

A

opercula (singular: operculum)

84
Q

chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulatory system

A

right ventricle

85
Q

high-pressure system that conveys blood from the heart to the rest of the blood

A

systemic circuit

86
Q

opposed directional flow of water and blood through the gills of a fish, allowing efficient gas exchange

A

countercurrent flow

87
Q

breakdown of a solid food mass into smaller components by muscular activity

A

mechanical digestion

88
Q

coordinated muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

A

peristalsis

89
Q

chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood

A

right atrium

90
Q

the five muscular structures that pump blood through an earthworm

A

pseudohearts or aortic arches

91
Q

diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood in the capillaries and the cells in body tissue

A

internal respiration

92
Q

extraction of a leg vein and its incorporation into the arterial system to redirect blood flow around a diseased heart artery

A

bypass surgery

93
Q

connective tissue that separates the digestive tract from other abdominal organs

A

serosa

94
Q

contraction stage of the cardiac cycle that expels blood from the heart chambers

A

systole

95
Q

region beneath the diaphragm that contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs

A

abdominal cavity

96
Q

lining of the intestine where absorption occurs

A

mucosa

97
Q

maximum amount of air that the respiratory system can expel without impairing lung function

A

vital capacity

98
Q

substance that an organism requires in relatively large amounts

A

macronutrient

99
Q

organic nutrient required by an organism in small amounts and usually functions as a coenzyme

A

vitamin

100
Q

decreased diameter and elasticity of blood vessels due to accumulation of fatty deposits in the lining

A

atherosclerosis

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