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Trevor's Ultimate Everything > Biochemistry and Cellular Functions Grade 11 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Biochemistry and Cellular Functions Grade 11 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

breakdown of sugar molecules without the presence of oxygen to produce energy

A

anaerobic respiration or fermentation

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2
Q

long whip-like cellular projections that beat to produce movement

A

flagella (singular: flagellum)

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3
Q

organelle in cytoplasm that is the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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4
Q

uptake of large particles or molecules by formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane (requires energy from ATP)

A

endocytosis

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5
Q

lipid found in a cell membrane (formed by two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic head containing a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing group)

A

phospholipid

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6
Q

compound that often contains no carbon, usually formed by ionic bonds and rarely found within a living organism

A

inorganic compound

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7
Q

carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides

A

disaccharide

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8
Q

network of fine protein fibres that supports a eukaryotic cell

A

cytoskeleton

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9
Q

molecule made of atoms joined by bonds that share electrons unequally and acquire partial opposite electric charges

A

polar molecule

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10
Q

membrane-enclosed sac that transports materials throughout a cell

A

vesicle

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11
Q

breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid (first step of cellular respiration)

A

glycolysis

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12
Q

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the cells of an organism

A

metabolism

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13
Q

overall folded shape of a polypeptide

A

tertiary structure

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14
Q

complex carbohydrate that is the major form of carbohydrate storage in plants

A

starch

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15
Q

structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that carries genes, formed when chromatin condenses

A

chromosomes

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16
Q

membrane-enclosed sac within a cell

A

vacuole

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17
Q

difference within a given area between the highest and lowest concentration of a particular chemical substance

A

concentration gradient

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18
Q

flat stack of membranes that receive, modify, and transport proteins throughout a cell

A

Golgi complex/apparatus

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19
Q

representation of a compound that shows the number of each type of atom present

A

molecular formula

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20
Q

reaction that releases energy

A

exergonic reaction

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21
Q

the statement that cells compose all living things and arise only from pre-existing cells

A

cell theory

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22
Q

simple sugar monomer that bonds with others to build a carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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23
Q

smallest unit of a compound formed by covalent bonds that retains all the chemical properties of that compound

A

molecule

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24
Q

structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the cell membrane in all living organisms except animals and some protists

A

cell wall

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25
Q

movement of substances along the concentration gradient (does not require ATP)

A

passive transport

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26
Q

interior of a cell between the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane that contains organelles and cytosol

A

cytoplasm

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27
Q

molecule that bonds with others to form a polymer

A

monomer

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28
Q

thread-like structure made up of DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

chromatin

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29
Q

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (forms a protein)

A

polypeptide

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30
Q

production of a messenger RNA molecule from the DNA template

A

transcription

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31
Q

organelles that perform celluar respiration in a eukaryotic cell

A

mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion)

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32
Q

specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, representing the first level of protein structure

A

primary structure

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33
Q

lipid made up of four rings of carbon atoms (forms cholesterol and certain sex hormones)

A

steroid

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34
Q

bond formed between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons

A

covalent bond

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35
Q

shape that results when two or more polypeptide chains join to form a protein

A

quaternary structure

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36
Q

double layer of outward-facing phosphates and inward-facing fatty acids that form a cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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37
Q

describes a membrane that controls the passage of substances through it

A

selectively permeable

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38
Q

organelles that contain chlorophyll and convert sunlight into chemical energy in the cells of plants and some protists

A

chloroplasts

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39
Q

use of oxygen to break down food molecules and produce energy

A

aerobic respiration

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40
Q

fatty acid, solid at room temperature, formed by carbon atoms that bond to hydrogen atoms at every available bond (no double bonds present)

A

saturated fatty acid

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41
Q

molecule that encodes the information on a DNA molecule to build proteins

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

42
Q

specialized protein in a cell membrane that transports sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell against their concentration gradients

A

sodium potassium pump

43
Q

release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export the molecules from the cell

A

exocytosis

44
Q

group of atoms in an amino acid whose specific biological properties distinguish one amino acid from another

A

R group

45
Q

energy required to activate a reaction

A

activation energy

46
Q

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

47
Q

single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

A

prokaryote

48
Q

describes a molecule that does not dissolve in water

A

hydrophobic

49
Q

describes a molecule that dissolves in water

A

hydrophilic

50
Q

breakdown of sugar molecules to release chemical energy that a cell can use

A

cellular respiration

51
Q

product of glycolysis containing three carbons

A

pyruvic acid

52
Q

substance associated with an enzyme that activates the enzyme

A

coenzymes

53
Q

anaerobic process that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid

A

lactic acid fermentation

54
Q

reaction (such as photosynthesis) that requires energy

A

endergonic reaction

55
Q

protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without itself changing in the process

A

enzyme

56
Q

diffusion of molecules across a membrane through channels in certain proteins (does not require energy from ATP)

A

facilitated diffusion

57
Q

organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but with relatively more hydrogen than a carbohydrate

A

lipid

58
Q

polymer made of glucose monomers; storage compound in animal cells

A

glycogen

59
Q

double membrane with pores that surrounds and separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell

A

nuclear envelope

60
Q

compound that contains carbon

A

organic compound

61
Q

fatty acid, liquid at room temperature, that has one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms

A

unsaturated fatty acid

62
Q

network of membrane tubes that branch from the nuclear envelope and circulate materials throughout the cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

dense structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that contains DNA and is involved in forming ribosomes

A

nucleolus

64
Q

description of the arrangement of protein molecules in the fluid double layer of the cell membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

65
Q

bond formed by the attraction between ions with opposite charges

A

ionic bond

66
Q

organism made of one or more cells that have both a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

A

eukaryote

67
Q

spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

68
Q

form of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis (links with messenger RNA)

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

69
Q

nucleotide that releases stored energy in a cell

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

70
Q

pattern of coils or pleated sheets in a polypeptide

A

secondary structure

71
Q

organic molecule, made up a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group; monomer for nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

72
Q

liquid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles

A

cytosol

73
Q

structure that surrounds a cell and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment

A

cell membrane

74
Q

describes a membrane that allows some substances to pass through it

A

permeable

75
Q

shape formed when the two chains of nucleotides link in the DNA molecule

A

double helix

76
Q

type of endocytosis that moves large particles into a cell

A

phagocytosis

77
Q

representation of a compound that shows the positions and bonds between atoms

A

structural formula

78
Q

protion of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and makes lipids

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

hair-like structures that project from a cell and beat to produce movement

A

cilia (singular: cilium)

80
Q

substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself changing in the process

A

catalyst

81
Q

glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids

A

triglyceride

82
Q

type of endocytosis that moves a liquid into a cell

A

pinocytosis

83
Q

part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate during a reaction

A

active site

84
Q

movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against a concentration gradient (requires energy from ATP)

A

active transport

85
Q

weak bond formed between the negatively-charged atom of a polar molecule and the positively-charged hydrogen atom of another polar molecule

A

hydrogen bond

86
Q

assembly of amino acids into proteins in a cell based on instructions encoded on a DNA molecule

A

protein synthesis

87
Q

complex carbohydrate that forms the main component of a plant cell wall

A

cellulose

88
Q

organelle that contains DNA and controls cell activity

A

nucleus

89
Q

organic molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that is the monomer of proteins

A

amino aicd

90
Q

formation of a protein from the instructions encoded on an mRNA molecule at the ribosome

A

translation

91
Q

breakdown of pyruvic acid into alcohol and carbon dioxide

A

alcoholic fermentation

92
Q

large carbohydrate formed by many monosaccharides

A

polysaccharide

93
Q

organic molecule formed from three carbon atoms, each with a hydroxyl group attached (bonds with fatty acid to form fat)

A

glycerol

94
Q

organelle containing enzymes that digest food, destroy bacteria, or break down damaged organelles in a eukaryotic cell

A

lysosome

95
Q

structure formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate during a reaction

A

enzyme-substrate complex

96
Q

use of light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (carried out by the chloroplasts of plants and some protists)

A

photosynthesis

97
Q

representation of the steps of a reaction, including reactants and products

A

net equation

98
Q

structures that perform specific functions in a cell

A

organelles

99
Q

compound in some animal tissues that helps maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane

A

cholesterol

100
Q

portion of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes that make protein

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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