Biochemistry and Cellular Functions Grade 11 Vocabulary Flashcards
breakdown of sugar molecules without the presence of oxygen to produce energy
anaerobic respiration or fermentation
long whip-like cellular projections that beat to produce movement
flagella (singular: flagellum)
organelle in cytoplasm that is the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
uptake of large particles or molecules by formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane (requires energy from ATP)
endocytosis
lipid found in a cell membrane (formed by two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic head containing a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing group)
phospholipid
compound that often contains no carbon, usually formed by ionic bonds and rarely found within a living organism
inorganic compound
carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides
disaccharide
network of fine protein fibres that supports a eukaryotic cell
cytoskeleton
molecule made of atoms joined by bonds that share electrons unequally and acquire partial opposite electric charges
polar molecule
membrane-enclosed sac that transports materials throughout a cell
vesicle
breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid (first step of cellular respiration)
glycolysis
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the cells of an organism
metabolism
overall folded shape of a polypeptide
tertiary structure
complex carbohydrate that is the major form of carbohydrate storage in plants
starch
structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that carries genes, formed when chromatin condenses
chromosomes
membrane-enclosed sac within a cell
vacuole
difference within a given area between the highest and lowest concentration of a particular chemical substance
concentration gradient
flat stack of membranes that receive, modify, and transport proteins throughout a cell
Golgi complex/apparatus
representation of a compound that shows the number of each type of atom present
molecular formula
reaction that releases energy
exergonic reaction
the statement that cells compose all living things and arise only from pre-existing cells
cell theory
simple sugar monomer that bonds with others to build a carbohydrate
monosaccharide
smallest unit of a compound formed by covalent bonds that retains all the chemical properties of that compound
molecule
structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the cell membrane in all living organisms except animals and some protists
cell wall
movement of substances along the concentration gradient (does not require ATP)
passive transport
interior of a cell between the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane that contains organelles and cytosol
cytoplasm
molecule that bonds with others to form a polymer
monomer
thread-like structure made up of DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
chromatin
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (forms a protein)
polypeptide
production of a messenger RNA molecule from the DNA template
transcription
organelles that perform celluar respiration in a eukaryotic cell
mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion)
specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, representing the first level of protein structure
primary structure
lipid made up of four rings of carbon atoms (forms cholesterol and certain sex hormones)
steroid
bond formed between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons
covalent bond
shape that results when two or more polypeptide chains join to form a protein
quaternary structure
double layer of outward-facing phosphates and inward-facing fatty acids that form a cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
describes a membrane that controls the passage of substances through it
selectively permeable
organelles that contain chlorophyll and convert sunlight into chemical energy in the cells of plants and some protists
chloroplasts
use of oxygen to break down food molecules and produce energy
aerobic respiration
fatty acid, solid at room temperature, formed by carbon atoms that bond to hydrogen atoms at every available bond (no double bonds present)
saturated fatty acid
molecule that encodes the information on a DNA molecule to build proteins
messenger RNA (mRNA)
specialized protein in a cell membrane that transports sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell against their concentration gradients
sodium potassium pump
release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export the molecules from the cell
exocytosis
group of atoms in an amino acid whose specific biological properties distinguish one amino acid from another
R group
energy required to activate a reaction
activation energy
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
prokaryote
describes a molecule that does not dissolve in water
hydrophobic
describes a molecule that dissolves in water
hydrophilic
breakdown of sugar molecules to release chemical energy that a cell can use
cellular respiration
product of glycolysis containing three carbons
pyruvic acid
substance associated with an enzyme that activates the enzyme
coenzymes
anaerobic process that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
lactic acid fermentation
reaction (such as photosynthesis) that requires energy
endergonic reaction
protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without itself changing in the process
enzyme
diffusion of molecules across a membrane through channels in certain proteins (does not require energy from ATP)
facilitated diffusion
organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but with relatively more hydrogen than a carbohydrate
lipid
polymer made of glucose monomers; storage compound in animal cells
glycogen
double membrane with pores that surrounds and separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
nuclear envelope
compound that contains carbon
organic compound
fatty acid, liquid at room temperature, that has one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
unsaturated fatty acid
network of membrane tubes that branch from the nuclear envelope and circulate materials throughout the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
dense structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that contains DNA and is involved in forming ribosomes
nucleolus
description of the arrangement of protein molecules in the fluid double layer of the cell membrane
fluid mosaic model
bond formed by the attraction between ions with opposite charges
ionic bond
organism made of one or more cells that have both a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
eukaryote
spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
form of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis (links with messenger RNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
nucleotide that releases stored energy in a cell
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
pattern of coils or pleated sheets in a polypeptide
secondary structure
organic molecule, made up a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group; monomer for nucleic acids
nucleotide
liquid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles
cytosol
structure that surrounds a cell and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
cell membrane
describes a membrane that allows some substances to pass through it
permeable
shape formed when the two chains of nucleotides link in the DNA molecule
double helix
type of endocytosis that moves large particles into a cell
phagocytosis
representation of a compound that shows the positions and bonds between atoms
structural formula
protion of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and makes lipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
hair-like structures that project from a cell and beat to produce movement
cilia (singular: cilium)
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself changing in the process
catalyst
glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids
triglyceride
type of endocytosis that moves a liquid into a cell
pinocytosis
part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate during a reaction
active site
movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against a concentration gradient (requires energy from ATP)
active transport
weak bond formed between the negatively-charged atom of a polar molecule and the positively-charged hydrogen atom of another polar molecule
hydrogen bond
assembly of amino acids into proteins in a cell based on instructions encoded on a DNA molecule
protein synthesis
complex carbohydrate that forms the main component of a plant cell wall
cellulose
organelle that contains DNA and controls cell activity
nucleus
organic molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that is the monomer of proteins
amino aicd
formation of a protein from the instructions encoded on an mRNA molecule at the ribosome
translation
breakdown of pyruvic acid into alcohol and carbon dioxide
alcoholic fermentation
large carbohydrate formed by many monosaccharides
polysaccharide
organic molecule formed from three carbon atoms, each with a hydroxyl group attached (bonds with fatty acid to form fat)
glycerol
organelle containing enzymes that digest food, destroy bacteria, or break down damaged organelles in a eukaryotic cell
lysosome
structure formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate during a reaction
enzyme-substrate complex
use of light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (carried out by the chloroplasts of plants and some protists)
photosynthesis
representation of the steps of a reaction, including reactants and products
net equation
structures that perform specific functions in a cell
organelles
compound in some animal tissues that helps maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane
cholesterol
portion of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes that make protein
rough endoplasmic reticulum
