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Trevor's Ultimate Everything > Cellular Structures Grade 12 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Cellular Structures Grade 12 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid

A

glycoprotein

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2
Q

the outer barrier of a plant cell; surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant

A

cell wall

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3
Q

a small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that aid in waste disposal

A

lysosome

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4
Q

an organelle that stores starch

A

amyloplast

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5
Q

polymers of proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

A

microtubules

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6
Q

the combined effects of a difference in electrical potential energy and a difference in the concentration gradients of ions

A

electrochemical gradient

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7
Q

the idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely

A

fluid mosaic model

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8
Q

a dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around

A

cytoskeleton

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9
Q

a protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer

A

carrier protein

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10
Q

a double membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

A

chloroplast

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11
Q

a double membrane-bound organelle that is the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration

A

mitochondrion

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12
Q

areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

microtubule protein anchor for the cytoskeleton; organizes cell division by forming spindle fibres (only found in animals)

A

centriole (two centrioles form a centrosome)

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14
Q

organelles containing enzymes which act in oxidative reactions and also break down fatty acids

A

peroxisomes

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15
Q

a type of steroid with a hydroxyl group at one end and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other

A

sterol

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16
Q

a coating (most rigid and often thicker) that is added to a plant cell wall

A

secondary wall

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17
Q

the property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution

A

isotonic

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18
Q

the ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted

A

simple diffusion

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19
Q

a small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell

A

vesicle

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20
Q

areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

a two-layer membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

nuclear envelope

22
Q

an organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs

A

Golgi body

23
Q

a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s genome

A

nucleus

24
Q

any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate

A

glycolipid

25
Q

an internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell

A

organelle

26
Q

a membrane-bound organelle that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cells

A

endoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes; used for movement of prokaryotic cells

A

cilia

28
Q

the state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions

A

dynamic equilibrium

29
Q

the passive diffusion of water across a membrane

A

osmosis

30
Q

an organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll

A

chromoplast

31
Q

a liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance

A

vacuole

32
Q

the movement of a substance across a membrane without expending energy

A

passive transport

33
Q

a hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through

A

channel protein

34
Q

the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution

A

hypotonic

35
Q

a whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

flagellum

36
Q

a structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment

A

cell junction

37
Q

a cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell

A

primary wall

38
Q

a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

A

endomembrane system

39
Q

the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended

A

cytosol

40
Q

a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae

A

plastid

41
Q

a dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell

A

plasma membrane

42
Q

the movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient using pumps

A

active transport

43
Q

the transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via protein complexes

A

facilitated diffusion

44
Q

a particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins that binds messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

A

ribosome

45
Q

a fibre structure made from actin that is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells

A

microfilament

46
Q

a molecular system that supports and protects a cell

A

extracellular matrix

47
Q

a protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer

A

integral membrane protein

48
Q

an integral membrane protein that provides a pathway for molecules to cross a membrane

A

transport protein

49
Q

the property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution

A

hypertonic

50
Q

a protein on the surface of the membrane

A

peripheral membrane protein

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