Cellular Structures Grade 12 Vocabulary Flashcards
a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid
glycoprotein
the outer barrier of a plant cell; surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant
cell wall
a small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that aid in waste disposal
lysosome
an organelle that stores starch
amyloplast
polymers of proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
microtubules
the combined effects of a difference in electrical potential energy and a difference in the concentration gradients of ions
electrochemical gradient
the idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely
fluid mosaic model
a dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around
cytoskeleton
a protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer
carrier protein
a double membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells
chloroplast
a double membrane-bound organelle that is the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration
mitochondrion
areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
microtubule protein anchor for the cytoskeleton; organizes cell division by forming spindle fibres (only found in animals)
centriole (two centrioles form a centrosome)
organelles containing enzymes which act in oxidative reactions and also break down fatty acids
peroxisomes
a type of steroid with a hydroxyl group at one end and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other
sterol
a coating (most rigid and often thicker) that is added to a plant cell wall
secondary wall
the property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution
isotonic
the ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted
simple diffusion
a small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell
vesicle
areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface
rough endoplasmic reticulum
a two-layer membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
nuclear envelope
an organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs
Golgi body
a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s genome
nucleus
any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate
glycolipid
an internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell
organelle
a membrane-bound organelle that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cells
endoplasmic reticulum
tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes; used for movement of prokaryotic cells
cilia
the state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions
dynamic equilibrium
the passive diffusion of water across a membrane
osmosis
an organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll
chromoplast
a liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance
vacuole
the movement of a substance across a membrane without expending energy
passive transport
a hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through
channel protein
the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution
hypotonic
a whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
flagellum
a structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment
cell junction
a cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell
primary wall
a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
endomembrane system
the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended
cytosol
a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae
plastid
a dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell
plasma membrane
the movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient using pumps
active transport
the transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via protein complexes
facilitated diffusion
a particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins that binds messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
ribosome
a fibre structure made from actin that is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells
microfilament
a molecular system that supports and protects a cell
extracellular matrix
a protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer
integral membrane protein
an integral membrane protein that provides a pathway for molecules to cross a membrane
transport protein
the property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution
hypertonic
a protein on the surface of the membrane
peripheral membrane protein
