Cellular Structures Grade 12 Vocabulary

Question 1

a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid

Answer 1

glycoprotein

Question 2

the outer barrier of a plant cell; surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant

Answer 2

cell wall

Question 3

a small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that aid in waste disposal

Answer 3

lysosome

Question 4

an organelle that stores starch

Answer 4

amyloplast

Question 5

polymers of proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

microtubules

Question 6

the combined effects of a difference in electrical potential energy and a difference in the concentration gradients of ions

Answer 6

electrochemical gradient

Question 7

the idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely

Answer 7

fluid mosaic model

Question 8

a dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around

Answer 8

cytoskeleton

Question 9

a protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer

Answer 9

carrier protein

Question 10

a double membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

Answer 10

chloroplast

Question 11

a double membrane-bound organelle that is the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 11

mitochondrion

Question 12

areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes

Answer 12

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

microtubule protein anchor for the cytoskeleton; organizes cell division by forming spindle fibres (only found in animals)

Answer 13

centriole (two centrioles form a centrosome)

Question 14

organelles containing enzymes which act in oxidative reactions and also break down fatty acids

Answer 14

peroxisomes

Question 15

a type of steroid with a hydroxyl group at one end and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other

Answer 15

sterol

Question 16

a coating (most rigid and often thicker) that is added to a plant cell wall

Answer 16

secondary wall

Question 17

the property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution

Answer 17

isotonic

Question 18

the ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted

Answer 18

simple diffusion

Question 19

a small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell

Answer 19

vesicle

Question 20

areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface

Answer 20

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

a two-layer membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 21

nuclear envelope

Question 22

an organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs

Answer 22

Golgi body

Question 23

a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s genome

Answer 23

nucleus

Question 24

any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate

Answer 24

glycolipid

Question 25

an internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell

Answer 25

organelle

Question 26

a membrane-bound organelle that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cells

Answer 26

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes; used for movement of prokaryotic cells

Answer 27

cilia

Question 28

the state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions

Answer 28

dynamic equilibrium

Question 29

the passive diffusion of water across a membrane

Answer 29

osmosis

Question 30

an organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll

Answer 30

chromoplast

Question 31

a liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance

Answer 31

vacuole

Question 32

the movement of a substance across a membrane without expending energy

Answer 32

passive transport

Question 33

a hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through

Answer 33

channel protein

Question 34

the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution

Answer 34

hypotonic

Question 35

a whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 35

flagellum

Question 36

a structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment

Answer 36

cell junction

Question 37

a cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell

Answer 37

primary wall

Question 38

a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Answer 38

endomembrane system

Question 39

the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended

Answer 39

cytosol

Question 40

a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae

Answer 40

plastid

Question 41

a dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell

Answer 41

plasma membrane

Question 42

the movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient using pumps

Answer 42

active transport

Question 43

the transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via protein complexes

Answer 43

facilitated diffusion

Question 44

a particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins that binds messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Answer 44

ribosome

Question 45

a fibre structure made from actin that is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells

Answer 45

microfilament

Question 46

a molecular system that supports and protects a cell

Answer 46

extracellular matrix

Question 47

a protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer

Answer 47

integral membrane protein

Question 48

an integral membrane protein that provides a pathway for molecules to cross a membrane

Answer 48

transport protein

Question 49

the property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution

Answer 49

hypertonic

Question 50

a protein on the surface of the membrane

Answer 50

peripheral membrane protein