Tuberculosis

Question 1

what are 3 factors essential for its rapid spread

Answer 1

1. crowded living conditions
2. population with little innate resistance
3. extremely clean conditions

Question 2

TB is second to what disease as a cause of death resulting from a single infectious agent

Answer 2

HIV

Question 3

what is the extrapulmonary form of TB

Answer 3

target monocytes, circulate blood, then goes everywhere

Question 4

how fast does M. tuberculosis grow? what does this cause

Answer 4

slow-growing

chronic infection

Question 5

how is TB transmitted

Answer 5

inhalation or ingestion

Question 6

what are the 2 forms of TB

Answer 6

primary

seconday

Question 7

what causes secondary TB

Answer 7

reactivation of dormant organisms

Question 8

what damage happens in primary form

Answer 8

formation of granulomas followed by ceseation

Question 9

for an immunocompromised individual what damage happens in the primary form

Answer 9

proceeds to miliary BTB

Question 10

what causes occurs in secondary form

Answer 10

delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction ( Type IV hypersensitivity)

Question 11

why in secondary TB does it occur in middle or upper lobe

Answer 11

TB is obligate aerobic

most oxygen in upper/middle lung

Question 12

what is found in miliary TB

Answer 12

white nodule made of miliary foci of TB

Question 13

what is located in the cell wall? what is the importance of it

Answer 13

wax

-need lots of energy to make it, slow growing

Question 14

how can you see TB under microscope

Answer 14

rhodamine-auramine fluorescent dye

Question 15

what color does TB show in fast acid stain

Answer 15

Red

Question 16

process of fast acid stain

Answer 16

carbofuchsin
water
acid alcohol
methylene blue

Question 17

what uptakes the dye in acid fast stain

Answer 17

mycolic acid

Question 18

how does mycolic acid impact the cell

Answer 18

affects permeability of cell

Question 19

TB grows inside what cells

Answer 19

macrophages/monocytes

Question 20

what are 2 ways TB inhibits job of macrophages

Answer 20

1. prevents phagosome/lysosome fusion

2. escape phagosome

Question 21

what might allow TB to escape phagosome

Answer 21

hemolysin

Question 22

how does TB prevent acidification of phagosome

Answer 22

produces NH4

Question 23

what does cell wall components of TB produce and their role

Answer 23

TNF alpha

lung damage

Question 24

what are 3 ways you could diagnose TB

Answer 24

1. examination of sputum
2. chest x-ray
3. tuberculin skin test (PPD)

Question 25

what are two caveats to PPD test

Answer 25

immunosupressive patient may not react

BCG vaccine are PPD+

Question 26

how does aids aid in TB

Answer 26

reduced CD4 T cell does not allow macrophages to be activated

Question 27

do aids and TB patients respond to treatment

Answer 27

if caught in time

Question 28

how long does it take to treat tuberculosis

Answer 28

6 months

Question 29

myobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex grows what in macrophages

Answer 29

acid-fast bacilli

Question 30

where is (MAI) found

Answer 30

soil water fruits

Question 31

how does one diagnose MAI

Answer 31

blood culture

Question 32

mycobacterium leprae can be grown where

Answer 32

armadillos, not in lab

Question 33

how can one diagnose lepracy

Answer 33

acid fast bacilli in skin lesion

Question 34

name 2 presentations for mycobacterium leprae

Answer 34

tuberculoid leprosy-

lepratomous leprosy

Question 35

tuberculoid leprosy is what

Answer 35

self liming disease (CMI)

cell mediated response Th1 (infectivity is low)

Question 36

lepratomous leprosy

Answer 36

severest form of leproscy ( NO CMI)

deficient Th2 response (infectivity is hight)

Question 37

lepratomous leprosy is analogous to what other disease

Answer 37

miliary TB

Question 38

does lepratomous leprosy react to leromin

Answer 38

no

Question 39

how long is treatment for leprosy

Answer 39

2 years