Antimicrobial Therapy: General Principles

Question 1

bactericidal Agent

Answer 1

kills bacteria

bacteria death

Question 2

bacteriostatic agent

Answer 2

• inhibitory to growth of susceptible microorganisms

- holds bacteria till immune system kills it

Question 3

Bactericidal or bacteriostatic agent, which one is probably not good to use for an immunodeficient patient?

Answer 3

Bacteriostatic

Question 4

Why do you not want to use a broad spectrum of antibiotics on a patient?

Answer 4

bacteria is more likely to gain resistance

Question 5

Resistant Microorganism

Answer 5

[drug] required to inhibit or kill concentration cannot be achieved safely

Question 6

Synergy

Answer 6

Enhancement of action of one drug by another

Question 7

Antagosims

Answer 7

Decreased action of one drug by another

Question 8

Usually what two types of drugs put together will make an antagonism

Answer 8

bacteriostatic and bactericidal

Question 9

How is bacteriostatic and bactericidal antagonisms bad

Answer 9

• static drug inhibits cell division and protein synthesis

- cidal drugs need the active cell division/protein synthesis to work

Question 10

Post antibiotic effect

Answer 10

persistent effect of an antimicrobial on bacterial growth following brief exposure of organisms to a drug

Question 11

name two examples that have high degree of post antibiotic effect

Answer 11

aminoglycosides

fluoroquinolones

Question 12

Concentration Dependent Killing

Answer 12

bacterial killing is dependent on peak concentration

Question 13

when does optimal killing occur for concentration dependent killing

Answer 13

Concentration exceeds 10 times MIC

Question 14

what does MIC stand for

Answer 14

minimum inhibit component

Question 15

Time dependent kill

Answer 15

• bacterial killing is dependent on amount of time the concentration stay above the MIC during dosing interval
• 40-50% above dosing interval

Question 16

What happens when drug drops below the MIC level

Answer 16

bacteria develop resistance

Question 17

Give two examples of antibiotics for concentration dependent killing

Answer 17

aminoglycosides

fluoroquinolones

Question 18

In the cell membrane, what must antibiotics be able to pass in order to penetrate gram negative bacteria

Answer 18

pore

Question 19

leukocytosis

Answer 19

increase white blood cell count

Question 20

What are 4 ways the body confirms the presence of an infection

Answer 20

1. Fever
2. Leukocytosis
3. physical findings
4. predisposing factors

Question 21

What are the 4 basic steps in therapy

Answer 21

1. determine site of infection
2. determine causative organism
3. select drug
4. follow up patient

Question 22

Empiric therapy

Answer 22

culture site before starting antibiotics

Question 23

Is it okay to start antibiotics based on only gram strain results

Answer 23

no

Question 24

what are 2 reasons for starting antibiotics without knowing the causative organism

Answer 24

1. site of infection is difficult to culture

2. serious infection

Question 25

When is oral and IV routes of administration given?

Answer 25

oral: moderal infections IV: severe infections

Question 26

When is intramuscular given?

Answer 26

IV not obtainable | -short term

Question 27

What disease has the hardest drug distrubution

Answer 27

meningitis

Question 28

Many drugs are eliminated through what system

Answer 28

renal

Question 29

define drug interactions

Answer 29

concurrent medication interferes with antibiotic

Question 30

what is a disadvantage for combination therapy

Answer 30

added risk of toxicity

Question 31

superinfection

Answer 31

infection occurring after or on top of an earlier infection, especially following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics

Question 32

what are two examples of superinfection

Answer 32

C. diff | yeast infection

Question 33

when someone spikes a fever what should you (doc) do

Answer 33

REPAN culture | check, urine, sputum, and blood

Question 34

How do you take of abcess

Answer 34

drain it, don't need antibiotic in most cases

Question 35

what is a major symptom of C. diff

Answer 35

diarrhea

Question 36

what does a superinfection do to normal flora

Answer 36

alterations in normal flora results in removal of inhibitory influences in the body

Question 37

When patient starts antibiotics and has diarrhea what should you not give the patient? what can it cause

Answer 37

Immondium - only takes care of diarrhea not the toxin. toxic megacolon

Question 38

gram positive oragnisms

Answer 38

staphylococcus streptococcus enterococcus

Question 39

gram negative organisms what are the 3 catgegories

Answer 39

Piddly Fence Space

Question 40

name the gram negative piddly bugs

Answer 40

``` Haemophilus morexella morganella shigella salmonella ```

Question 41

name the gram negative fence bugs

Answer 41

proteus eschericia coli klebsiella

Question 42

name the gram negative space bugs

Answer 42

``` serratia pseudomonas acinetobacter citrobacter enterobacter ```

Question 43

what category of gram negative space bugs are the hardest to treat

Answer 43

SPACE

Question 44

Name the atypical bugs

Answer 44

chlamydia mycoplasma legionella

Question 45

name the anaerobe bugs

Answer 45

peptostreptococcus bacteriodes clostridium

Question 46

common name for mycoplasma pneumonia

Answer 46

walking pneumonia

Question 47

why is synergy a technique used for treating space bugs

Answer 47

- more likely to get correct sensitivity - decrease chance of resistance - Box in one Coverage

Question 48

why is monotherapy a technique used for treating space bugs

Answer 48

- decreases chances of adverse drug reactions | - Ace in the Hole

Question 49

anaphylaxis

Answer 49

an acute allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive.

Question 50

what drug do you use as a last resort for space bug

Answer 50

colistin

Question 51

what penicillins over space bugs

Answer 51

piperacillin | ticarcillin

Question 52

what cephalosporins cover space bugs

Answer 52

ceftazidime | cefepime

Question 53

what carbapenems cover space bugs

Answer 53

impinenem | meropenem

Question 54

what monobactum covers space bugs

Answer 54

aztreonam

Question 55

for box in one coverage what drugs are put together

Answer 55

a cell wall inhibitor with FQN or aminoglycosides