Inflammation

Question 1

what are the 5 signs of inflammation

Answer 1

heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 2

what are the 5 R’s of inflammation

Answer 2

recognition
recruitment
removal
regulation
repair

Question 3

Blood flow into microcirculation is primarily controlled how?

Answer 3

by altering smooth muscle tone in arterioles

vasodilation/vasoconstriction

Question 4

what causes inflammation

Answer 4

infection

physical injury

Question 5

arthritis

Answer 5

inflammation of joints

Question 6

salpengitis

Answer 6

inflammation of fallopian tubes

Question 7

pancreatitis

Answer 7

inflammation of pancreas

Question 8

name 3 cells that recognize pathogens

Answer 8

macrophage
dendritic cell
mast cell

Question 9

monocytes in blood vessels that go into tissue are then called what?

Answer 9

macrophage

Question 10

Onset for acute inflammation and chronic inflammation

Answer 10

acute: fast
chronic: slow

Question 11

cellular infiltrate for acute inflammation and chronic inflammation

Answer 11

acute: neutrophils
chronic: monocytes/macrophages

Question 12

tissue injury for for acute inflammation and chronic inflammation

Answer 12

acute: mild
chronic: severe

Question 13

local systemic signs for acute inflammation and chronic inflammation

Answer 13

acute: prominent
chronic: subtle

Question 14

calor

Answer 14

heat

Question 15

Redness

Answer 15

rubor

Question 16

Swelling

Answer 16

tumor

Question 17

Pain

Answer 17

dolor

Question 18

name two events in acute inflammation

Answer 18

vascular and cellular evens

Question 19

in acute inflammation what occurs in vascular event

Answer 19

increase blood flow

vascular permeability

Question 20

in acute inflammation what occurs in cellular events

Answer 20

leukocyte accumulation

- migration of neutrophils

Question 21

name 3 broad processes for inflammation

Answer 21

1. increase blood flow
2. deposition of fibrin and other plasma proteins
3. neutrophil emigration

Question 22

Starling’s law

Answer 22

hydrostatic pressure of the blood is normally nearly balanced by the oncotic pressure of plasma protein

Question 23

what occurs in transduate

Answer 23

low protein content in vessel

Question 24

what occurs in exudate

Answer 24

high protein content in vessel

Question 25

mediators for vasodilation and increases permeability

Answer 25

histamine serotonin bradykinin PAF

Question 26

what can cause endothelial injury

Answer 26

burns or toxins

Question 27

hyperemia

Answer 27

heat and redness

Question 28

what role does NO play in inflammation

Answer 28

relaxes smooth muscle

Question 29

define vascular stasis

Answer 29

slowly moving red cells, neutrophils accumulate along vascular endothelium

Question 30

what happens when you get a white line on skin

Answer 30

transient vasoconsctriction

Question 31

what happens when the skin has a dull red line

Answer 31

vasodilation of all vessels by histamine and NO

Question 32

leukocyte recruitment attachment to and rolling on endothelium is mediated by what set of proteins

Answer 32

selectins

Question 33

Leukocyte recruitment by firm attachment is mediated by what group or proteins

Answer 33

integrins attaching to ICAMS

Question 34

name 2 types of selectins located on the endothelial wall

Answer 34

P-selectin | E-selectin

Question 35

who upregulates ICAM on to endothelium

Answer 35

TNF and IL-1

Question 36

who upregulates integrins on leukocytes

Answer 36

C5a and LTB

Question 37

what protein helps neutrophils out of vessels

Answer 37

PECAM-1

Question 38

during chemotaxis how are neutrophils attracted to site of infection

Answer 38

C5a LTB4 bacterial products

Question 39

what opsonins enhance phagocytosis

Answer 39

C3b and iC3b | IgG

Question 40

write the process of oxygen dependent killing

Answer 40

O2 --> O2- -->H2O2 -->HOCL

Question 41

what converts O2 to O2-

Answer 41

oxidase NADPH

Question 42

what converts O2- to H2O2

Answer 42

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Question 43

what converts H2O2 to HOCL

Answer 43

MPO

Question 44

what is chronic granulomatous disease of infancy

Answer 44

- poor oxygen dependent killing | - defect in NADPH oxidase

Question 45

people who have chronic granulomatous disease have reoccurring infections of what type

Answer 45

by catalase positive bacteria | -catalase blocks H2O2 production

Question 46

Leukocyte-mediated tissue injury, injures what type of tissues

Answer 46

offender tissue and host tissues

Question 47

what does histamine do

Answer 47

- vasodilation - increase vascular permeability - endothelial activation

Question 48

what do prostaglandins do

Answer 48

- vasodilation - pain - fever

Question 49

what does leukotrienes do

Answer 49

- increase vascular permeability - chemotaxis - leukocyte adhesion

Question 50

what cytokine recruits neutrophils and monocytes

Answer 50

IL-17 made from T-lymphocytes

Question 51

what is the action of kinins

Answer 51

- increase vascular permeability - smooth muscle contraction - vasodilation - pain

Question 52

name two products of archidonic acid

Answer 52

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 53

lipoxygenase makes what

Answer 53

leukotrienes

Question 54

cycloxygenase makes what

Answer 54

prostaglandins

Question 55

role of prostaglandins

Answer 55

- vasodilation | - pain and fever

Question 56

role of thromboxane

Answer 56

vasoconstriction

Question 57

role of leukotrienes

Answer 57

- vascular and smooth muscle reactions | - leukocyte recruitment

Question 58

role of PAF

Answer 58

platelet stimulation | increase permeability

Question 59

complement system: role of C3a and C5a

Answer 59

- increase vascular permeability | - vasodilation

Question 60

complement system: role of C3b and iC3b

Answer 60

opsonization and phagocytosis

Question 61

role of bradykinin

Answer 61

vasodilator | -increase vascular permeability

Question 62

what blocks both pathways in arachidonic acid

Answer 62

glucocosteroid

Question 63

what does aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen blcok

Answer 63

blocks arachidonic acid to cycloxygenase

Question 64

Cycloxygenase product:PGI2

Answer 64

vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation

Question 65

PAF is derived from what

Answer 65

phosohplipids

Question 66

what is role of chemokines

Answer 66

recruitment of leukocytes