Toxocara species Flashcards
dog ascarid? named by?
Toxocara canis; werner and johnston
Cat Ascarid? named by?
Toxocara cati; shrank and brumpt
Synonyms of toxocara species
Ascaris mystax/Belascaris mystax/Belascaris cati
Can infect humans and cause damage of the visceral organs
TOXOCARA SPECIES
Spaghetti & Carbonara
white worm
Host of toxocara species
infects Pregnant dogs and young puppies
female toxocara measures?
10-12cm
female toxocara color
cream to pinkish
have distinct cervial allay that is short and wide giving the ____ end of the distinct appearnce of an ____
anterior end; arrow appearance
esophagus of female toxocora is what % of the total body weight
2%-6%
female parasitw? terminant in a granular ventriculus around how long?
Toxocaram 0.3-0.5 mm long
Toxocara spicules of males ranges from?
1.7 to 1.9 mm length
the vulva of the female is ? at the what end
25-45% (??) of the body at the anterior enf
egg of toxocara measures? with what egg shell?
65-77 um with pitted egg shell
Genus of toxocara eggs
Ascaroidos
it infects most frequently pregnant nursing dogs and young puppies
toxocara spp
an eye disease that can cause blindness.
Ocular larva migrans (OLM)
__occurs when a microscopic worm enters the eye causing inflammation, lesions and
formations of scar on the___
Ocular larva migrans; retina
Each year, more than ___ people are infected permanent or partial lost of vision
700
Heavier, or repeated Toxocara infections, while rare, can cause _____, a disease that
causes swelling of the body’s organs or central nervous system
Visceral Larva migrans
can invade multiple tissue like heart, lungs, heart, brain and muscles
Visceral larva migrans (VLM)
causes fever, anorexia, weight loss, cough, whizzing, rashes, hepatosplenomegaly,
and hypereosinophilia
Visceral larva migrans (VLM):
____ Lesions: gray, elevated, circumscribed, diameter: 4 mm
Liver lesions: Visceral larva migrans (VLM):
______Lesions: eosinophils, lymphocytes, epitheloid cells and giant cells of
foreign-body type
Granulomatous lesion; visceral larva migrans
____: liver, brain, eye, spinal cord, lungs, cardiac muscle, kidney and lymph nodes
Larvae; VLM
percent of benign toxocariasis with its effect?
20%-80% eosinophilia and hepatomegaly
benign or severe? Intermittent Pain, Dermatitis and Neurologic Disturbances, Pneumonitis. Liver and spleen
enlargement, Skin rashes on the lower extremities
severe toxocariasis
clinical grounds of toxocariasis?
marked eosinophilia
Hepatomegaly
Hyperglobulinemia
Stool examination is??
USELESS
Toxocara _____ complete its life cycle in humans
NEVER
Ascaris and Trichuris egg in feces indicates____?
fecal exposure which increases the probability of toxocara in the TISSUES
Toxocariasis can be related to history of?
Exposure to dogs, cats, and of dirt eating
Toxocara drug to eliminate the worm
Mebendazole
Toxocara drug for inflammatory symptoms
Prednisone
other diagnosis for toxocariasis
ELISA and EIA
1st Intermediate host of gnathostoma spp
Copepods
2nd Intermediate host of gnathostoma spp
: Fish and Amphibians
Diagnosis of GNATHOSTOMA SPECIE
Migratory Lesions, Eating Raw Fish
length and color of gnathostoma spp
2 to 3 cm and Rust colored
what stage of larva worms had been studied more intensively than adults because this larval stage causes gnathostomiasis
THIRD STAGE LARVA
Gnath: how many rows of hooklets?
4 rows
gnath; Rows of Hooklets extruding from the ______ of the ____
surface of the cephalic bulb
Tiny, cuticular spines run along the length of their bodies
GNATHOSTOMA SPECIE larva
gnath; 2 Types of Papillae extend from the worm:
________off the main body
cervical papilla
gnath; 2 Types of Papillae extend from the worm:
_______ on the Cephalic Bulb
2 labial papillae
how many Sac-like openings in the Cephalic Bulb?
4
gnath; generate worm movements by expanding and contracting and subsequently displacing
nearby fluids.
4 Sac-like openings in the Cephalic Bulb
gnath; Generate worm movement by:
Extracting and expanding
Subsequently displacing nearby fluids
parasite egg ovular with a mucus plug at one end
gnathostoma spp
gnath ova measures?
approximately 40 micrometers to 70 micrometers
released by the adult worms into their hosts digestive tract from which they will be excreted
within the hosts feces
gnathostoma spp egg
gnath ove may cause a VLM like syndrome in?
southeast asia
The larvae may migrate through subcutaneous tissues,
causing transient swelling, and to deeper tissues, eventually invading the CNS
gnathostoma spp
gnathostomiasis is also known as?
Gnathostoma spinigerum
food-borne parasitic infection that results from the human ingestion of the thirdstage larvae
Gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinigerum)
Diagnose in Southeast Asia, South and Central America and some areas of africa
- Gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinigerum)
other terms of gnathotomiasis in Japan
Choko-Fushu Tua chid or chokofishi
other terms of gnathotomiasis in Nanjing
consular disease
other terms of gnathotomiasis
Shanghai rheumatism
Yangtze River edema
other terms of gnathotomiasis in thailand
tau-cheed
other terms of gnathotomiasis in australia
woodbury bug
gnathostomiasis is founf mostly on?
South East Asia
MOT of gnathostomiasis?
eating undercooked or raw freshwater fish, eels, frogs, birds, and reptiles
contaminated water
RARE MOT of gnathostomiasis?
larvae can directly penetrate the skin of individuals who are exposed
to contaminated food sources or freshwater.
signs and symptoms: migratory swellings under the skin
Gnathostomiasis
s/s: increased levels of eosinophils in the blood
gnathostomiasis
s/s: Rarely, the parasite can enter other tissues such as the liver, and the eye
gnathostomiasis
s/s: can also affect the nerves, spinal cord, or brain, resulting in nerve pain, paralysis, coma
and death.
gnathostomiasis
Zoonotic infection (herbivores)
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
other name for TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
hairworms
family of TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
Strongilidae
affects Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pigs, Horses, and Poultry
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
habitat of tricostrong spp
Small intestine;eggs – larvae-ingestion by DF
Human infection of trichostrongylus spp
T. colubriformis, T. orientalis, T. axei, T. brevi
tricho that infects poultry and other birds worldwide
Trichostrongylus tenuis:
tricho that infects cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses and many wild mammals. Found worldwide
Trichostrongylus axei
Trichostrongylus axei is also known as
stomach hairworm
Trichostrongylus colubriformis aka
(Bankrupt worms, black scours worms):
Other Less Frequent Species of tricho
Trichostrongylus probolurus
Trichostrongylus vitrine
MOT of tricho:
Water or vegetables contaminated with infective larvae
MOT of tricho where it Happened frequently in rural region with poor sanitary conditions
Water or vegetables contaminated with infective larvae
tricho human infections are locatedmostly in ____ and _____ in which the infections are rather _____
Asia and Africa; rather benign
Parasite that eggs resemble those of hookworms (78-98 µm by 40-50 µm)- slightly tapered at one end
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
light & asymptomatic; heavy infection may produce abdominal pain and diarrhea, usually with
eosinophilia
Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis
disease; worms damage the lining of the Small Intestine or the Stomach
Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis
Enteritis, Gastritis, and sometimes Anemia
disease;Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis
disease:Typical signs are Diarrhea (Mucous and/or Hemorrhagic) or Constipation
Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasi
Loss of Appetite
Reduced Weight Gains or even Weight Loss, etc.
Acute severe infections in young animals may be fatal
Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis
parasite; detection of characteristic eggs in the feces.
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
determination of the species requires Post Mortem Examination of adult worms after necropsy
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
parasite; Direct life cycle
No Intermediate Host involve
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
Adult females lay eggs in the _______of the host that are shed with the feces.
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP
Once in the
environment the eggs release the ________that complete development to infective_______ 5 days by suitable weather (hot and humid), significantly longer by cold weather.
L1-Larve; L3-Larvae
t complete development to infective L3-larvae in
about how many days?
5 days
trichostrongylus spp
infective larvae can survive in the environment and remain infective for up to
6 months
No true vaccines against??
Trichostrongylus worms
Angiostrongylus cantonensis synonym
pulmonema contonesis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis common name
Rat/rodent lungworm
definitive host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Lungs
Disease of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Human Angiostrongylosis
habitat of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Pulmonary arteries of rats
Intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Snails
incidental host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Man
MOT of this parasite is ingestion of larvae in raw or undercooked snails or other vectors
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
parasite? Ingestion of raw mollusks containing the what stage of larva?
Angiostrongylus cantonensis; 3rd stage larva
parasite?? MOT Ingestion of raw leafy vegetables contaminated with mucus secretions of the mollusks containing
what stage?
Angiostrongylus cantonensis; 3rd stage larva
parasite? MOTIngestion of paratenic hosts such as fresh water prawns and crabs containing the infective larva
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
infective stage of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
3rd stage larva
the most common cause of Eosinpholic meningitis in South East Asia in the pacific basin
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
the nematode suspected with angiostrongylus cantonensis were first identified in the ______ of a patient with an eosinophilic meningitis by _____ and ____ in Taiwan in 1944
CSF; Nomora and Lim
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is initially called?
Hemostrongylus Ratti
angio.c: who identified the life cycle of worm in rats
1955 (Mackerass and Sanders):
angio c; an epidemiological study of Eosinophilic Meningitis in human was conducted by
Rosen, Laigret,
and Bories
parasite? Early Symptoms:
Severe Abdominal Pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Weakness which gradually lessens and
progresses to fever.
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
CNS symptoms and severe headache and stiffness of the neck can also be observed and
occasionally patients present with cranial nerve palsy usually in nerve ___ and ____, rarely larvae will
enter the occular structures
7 and 8
Can also cause permanent damage to the central nervous system and can cause death
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Ascending weakness, quadriparesis, areflexia, respiratory failure, and muscle atrophy,
and will lead to death if not treated
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Damage to the CNS may be permanent and result in a variety of negative outcomes
depending on thw location of the infection, and the patient may suffer chronic pain as a
result of infection
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Visual impairment, pain, keratitis, and retinal edem
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Worms? usually appear in the _______ and ____ and can sometimes be
removed surgically
angiostrongylus cantonensis; anterios chamber and vitreous
The parasite is RARELY seen in endemic area and in this case, patients does have Travel
History to an Endemic Area
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Humans do not act as reservoir because worm cannot reproduce in humans and humans do not
therefore, contribute to their life cycle
angio. c
Several species of snails, including the________ in the Pacific
Islands and snails of the genus ____ in Thailand and Malaysia
Giant African Land Snail (Achatina fulica): Pila
angio.c: snails of the genus Pila in
thailand and malaysia
angio c: most important vector in areas of China
Golden Apple Snail (Ampullarium canaliculatus)
Freshwater Prawns, Crabs, or other Paratenic or Transport, Hosts can also act as vectors
angio.c
incubation of angio c?
Usually 1 week to 1 month after infection, and can be as long as 47 days.
how many protective collagen layer in angio c?
3
parasite with Simple stomal opening with no lips or buccal cavity leading to a fully developed GIT
angio c
parasite? males have a Small Copulatory Bursa at the Posterior
angio c
parasite? females have a “barber pole” shape down the middle of the body, which is created by the
twisting together of the intestine and uterine tubules
angio c.
angio c females have ____ shape down the middle of the body
barber pole
angio c; ____ should always be done in cases of suspected meningitis
lumbar puncture
angio c; in case of _______ it will rarely produce worms even when they are present in CSF
Eosinophilic meningitis
angio c; larve is present only in CSF in only ____ % of cases
1.9-10%
Increased levels of _____ in the CSF is a trademark of the Eosinophilic Meningitis
eosinophils
Clingy to end of the nerves
angio c; Eosinophilic Meningitis
parasite? Brain lesions with invasion of both gray and white matter, can be seen on a CT or MRI
MRI findings tend to be inconclusive and usually include non specific lesios and Vetricular
Enlargement
Sometimes, Hemorrhagic probably produced by migrating worms is present and of diagnostic
value
angio c
In patients with elevated eosinophils, ____ can be used to confirm a diagnosis of
angiostrongyliasis rather than infection with another parasite
serology
angio c; The most definitive diagnosis always arises from the idnetification of larvae found in the??
csf and eyes
___ and ___ is making diagnosis less specific
Trichinosis and A. cantonensis
often used to kill of the worms of angio c.
anti-helmenthics
anti-helminthic drug of choice
albendazole
Generally recommended but should administer gradually, to limit the Inflammatory
Reaction
anti helminthic drusg
Anisakis: drug to be admnistered in severe infections to limit the inflammatory reactions
corticosteroids
angio.c ; how many weeks of combination of ___ and ___ shorten the course of?
2 weeks; mebendazole and prednizone
angio c; chinese herbal medicine
: Long dan xie gan Tan [LDXGT]
angio c; Similar anti-inflammatory effect
Used alone to relive symptoms while it resolves itself
Long dan xie gan Tan [LDXGT]
angio c; ______ to lower cranial pressure and relieve headaches
lumba puncture
parasite??
Avoid consumption of uncooked vectors, such as snails and freshwater prawns
Avoid drinking water from open sources, which may have been contaminated by vectors
Prevent young children from playing with or eating live snails
angio c
Parasitic round worms living in the stomach
ANISAKIS SPECIES
nematode of planctonic crustacean, sea fish and sea mammals
- Common gastrointestinal parasites of marine mammals (with Pseudoterranova)
ANISAKIS SPECIES
disease of anisakis
Anisakiasis or herring disease
parasite? appear to be more prone to produce invasive disease
anisakis spp
parasite ? tend to be coughed up or vomited intact
pseudoterranova spp
have been reported in individuals who had eaten live minnows or home
prepared sushi. These parasites usually infect fish-eating birds, but in humans , the bright red larvae
invade the abdominal cavity, requiring surgical removal.
eustrongyloides spp
most common Anisakis spp)
Anisakis simplex
has protective layer against gastric acid and survives into the gastric wall
ANISAKIS SPECIES
Larval ______ develop into reproducing adults only in animal
Anisakis simplex
ingestion of 3rd stage larva in the flesh of raw fish
MOT os anisakis
Acute allergic symptoms:
o Rash
o Throat swelling
o Low blood pressure (Allergic: with or without gastrointestinal symptoms)
anisakis
Worldwide, with higher incidence in areas where raw fish is eaten (e.g., Japan, Pacific Coast of
South America, the Netherlands)
anisakis spp
parasite? causing symptoms
mimicking Crohn’s Disease
anisakis
confirmed by the recovery of an intact worm at endoscopy (usually at Upper Endoscopy)
anisakis
presence of an eosinophilic granuloma containing an identifiable nematode in a surgical specimen
o Histopathologic examination (tissue removed at biopsy or during surgery)
anisakis
exploratory Laparoptomy (Small Intestine, Cecum, Colon)
anisakis
Prevention:
Freezing the fish __deg C for __ hours
-20 for 24
common name of draconculus medinensis
Guinea worm
Fiery serpent of the Israelites
Medina worm
Serpent worm
Dragon worm
discoverers of Draconculus medinensis
Linnaeus and Gallandant
Draconculus medinensis habitat
cutaneous and sub cutaneous tissue
life span of Draconculus medinensis
12-18 monts
parasite? If worms fail to reach the skin, it dies and either disintegrates or calcifies
o Doesn’t reach the skin usually dies and causes little reaction
Draconculus medinensis
parasite? worms are removed using a thinstick, tooth pick or matchstick
Draconculus medinensis
drug for d.m that is for pain and secondary infection
aspirin
snakes in rod logo of medicine
Draconculus medinensis
Life span of draconculus medinensis
12-18 months
worms fail to reach the skin, it dies and either disintegrates or calcifies
Draconculus medinensis
blisters appear at any location and rupture of blister favors the escape of larva.
D. Medinensis
Larvae release may be induced when cold water is applied
Draconculus medinensis
it causes pseudoperitoneal
syndromes and allergic manifestations.
Messenteric tissue: d.m
the worm liberates a toxic substance that produces local inflammatory reactions; blisters appear at any location and rupture of blister favors the escape of larva; sterile
blister with serous exudation
Superficial tissue: dm
Dead calcified worms may be located by
Roentgen-ray examination
