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PARASIT > Toxocara species > Flashcards

Toxocara species Flashcards

1
Q

dog ascarid? named by?

A

Toxocara canis; werner and johnston

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2
Q

Cat Ascarid? named by?

A

Toxocara cati; shrank and brumpt

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3
Q

Synonyms of toxocara species

A

Ascaris mystax/Belascaris mystax/Belascaris cati

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4
Q

Can infect humans and cause damage of the visceral organs

A

TOXOCARA SPECIES

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5
Q

Spaghetti & Carbonara

A

white worm

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6
Q

Host of toxocara species

A

infects Pregnant dogs and young puppies

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7
Q

female toxocara measures?

A

10-12cm

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8
Q

female toxocara color

A

cream to pinkish

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9
Q

have distinct cervial allay that is short and wide giving the ____ end of the distinct appearnce of an ____

A

anterior end; arrow appearance

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10
Q

esophagus of female toxocora is what % of the total body weight

A

2%-6%

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11
Q

female parasitw? terminant in a granular ventriculus around how long?

A

Toxocaram 0.3-0.5 mm long

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12
Q

Toxocara spicules of males ranges from?

A

1.7 to 1.9 mm length

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13
Q

the vulva of the female is ? at the what end

A

25-45% (??) of the body at the anterior enf

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14
Q

egg of toxocara measures? with what egg shell?

A

65-77 um with pitted egg shell

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15
Q

Genus of toxocara eggs

A

Ascaroidos

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16
Q

it infects most frequently pregnant nursing dogs and young puppies

A

toxocara spp

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17
Q

an eye disease that can cause blindness.

A

Ocular larva migrans (OLM)

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18
Q

__occurs when a microscopic worm enters the eye causing inflammation, lesions and
formations of scar on the___

A

Ocular larva migrans; retina

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19
Q

Each year, more than ___ people are infected permanent or partial lost of vision

A

700

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20
Q

Heavier, or repeated Toxocara infections, while rare, can cause _____, a disease that
causes swelling of the body’s organs or central nervous system

A

Visceral Larva migrans

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21
Q

can invade multiple tissue like heart, lungs, heart, brain and muscles

A

Visceral larva migrans (VLM)

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22
Q

causes fever, anorexia, weight loss, cough, whizzing, rashes, hepatosplenomegaly,
and hypereosinophilia

A

Visceral larva migrans (VLM):

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23
Q

____ Lesions: gray, elevated, circumscribed, diameter: 4 mm

A

Liver lesions: Visceral larva migrans (VLM):

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24
Q

______Lesions: eosinophils, lymphocytes, epitheloid cells and giant cells of
foreign-body type

A

Granulomatous lesion; visceral larva migrans

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25
Q

____: liver, brain, eye, spinal cord, lungs, cardiac muscle, kidney and lymph nodes

A

Larvae; VLM

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26
Q

percent of benign toxocariasis with its effect?

A

20%-80% eosinophilia and hepatomegaly

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27
Q

benign or severe? Intermittent Pain, Dermatitis and Neurologic Disturbances, Pneumonitis. Liver and spleen
enlargement, Skin rashes on the lower extremities

A

severe toxocariasis

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28
Q

clinical grounds of toxocariasis?

A

marked eosinophilia
Hepatomegaly
Hyperglobulinemia

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29
Q

Stool examination is??

A

USELESS

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30
Q

Toxocara _____ complete its life cycle in humans

A

NEVER

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31
Q

Ascaris and Trichuris egg in feces indicates____?

A

fecal exposure which increases the probability of toxocara in the TISSUES

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32
Q

Toxocariasis can be related to history of?

A

Exposure to dogs, cats, and of dirt eating

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33
Q

Toxocara drug to eliminate the worm

A

Mebendazole

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34
Q

Toxocara drug for inflammatory symptoms

A

Prednisone

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35
Q

other diagnosis for toxocariasis

A

ELISA and EIA

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36
Q

1st Intermediate host of gnathostoma spp

A

Copepods

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37
Q

2nd Intermediate host of gnathostoma spp

A

: Fish and Amphibians

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38
Q

Diagnosis of GNATHOSTOMA SPECIE

A

Migratory Lesions, Eating Raw Fish

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39
Q

length and color of gnathostoma spp

A

2 to 3 cm and Rust colored

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40
Q

what stage of larva worms had been studied more intensively than adults because this larval stage causes gnathostomiasis

A

THIRD STAGE LARVA

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41
Q

Gnath: how many rows of hooklets?

A

4 rows

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42
Q

gnath; Rows of Hooklets extruding from the ______ of the ____

A

surface of the cephalic bulb

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43
Q

Tiny, cuticular spines run along the length of their bodies

A

GNATHOSTOMA SPECIE larva

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44
Q

gnath; 2 Types of Papillae extend from the worm:
________off the main body

A

cervical papilla

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45
Q

gnath; 2 Types of Papillae extend from the worm:
_______ on the Cephalic Bulb

A

2 labial papillae

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46
Q

how many Sac-like openings in the Cephalic Bulb?

A

4

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47
Q

gnath; generate worm movements by expanding and contracting and subsequently displacing
nearby fluids.

A

4 Sac-like openings in the Cephalic Bulb

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48
Q

gnath; Generate worm movement by:

A

Extracting and expanding
Subsequently displacing nearby fluids

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49
Q

parasite egg ovular with a mucus plug at one end

A

gnathostoma spp

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50
Q

gnath ova measures?

A

approximately 40 micrometers to 70 micrometers

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51
Q

released by the adult worms into their hosts digestive tract from which they will be excreted
within the hosts feces

A

gnathostoma spp egg

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52
Q

gnath ove may cause a VLM like syndrome in?

A

southeast asia

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53
Q

The larvae may migrate through subcutaneous tissues,
causing transient swelling, and to deeper tissues, eventually invading the CNS

A

gnathostoma spp

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54
Q

gnathostomiasis is also known as?

A

Gnathostoma spinigerum

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55
Q

food-borne parasitic infection that results from the human ingestion of the thirdstage larvae

A

Gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinigerum)

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56
Q

Diagnose in Southeast Asia, South and Central America and some areas of africa

A
  • Gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinigerum)
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57
Q

other terms of gnathotomiasis in Japan

A

Choko-Fushu Tua chid or chokofishi

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58
Q

other terms of gnathotomiasis in Nanjing

A

consular disease

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59
Q

other terms of gnathotomiasis

A

Shanghai rheumatism
Yangtze River edema

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60
Q

other terms of gnathotomiasis in thailand

A

tau-cheed

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60
Q

other terms of gnathotomiasis in australia

A

woodbury bug

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61
Q

gnathostomiasis is founf mostly on?

A

South East Asia

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62
Q

MOT of gnathostomiasis?

A

eating undercooked or raw freshwater fish, eels, frogs, birds, and reptiles
 contaminated water

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63
Q

RARE MOT of gnathostomiasis?

A

larvae can directly penetrate the skin of individuals who are exposed
to contaminated food sources or freshwater.

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64
Q

signs and symptoms: migratory swellings under the skin

A

Gnathostomiasis

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65
Q

s/s: increased levels of eosinophils in the blood

A

gnathostomiasis

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66
Q

s/s: Rarely, the parasite can enter other tissues such as the liver, and the eye

A

gnathostomiasis

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67
Q

s/s: can also affect the nerves, spinal cord, or brain, resulting in nerve pain, paralysis, coma
and death.

A

gnathostomiasis

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68
Q

Zoonotic infection (herbivores)

A

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

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69
Q

other name for TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

A

hairworms

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70
Q

family of TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

A

Strongilidae

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71
Q

affects Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pigs, Horses, and Poultry

A

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

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72
Q

habitat of tricostrong spp

A

Small intestine;eggs – larvae-ingestion by DF

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73
Q

Human infection of trichostrongylus spp

A

T. colubriformis, T. orientalis, T. axei, T. brevi

74
Q

tricho that infects poultry and other birds worldwide

A

Trichostrongylus tenuis:

75
Q

tricho that infects cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses and many wild mammals. Found worldwide

A

Trichostrongylus axei

76
Q

Trichostrongylus axei is also known as

A

stomach hairworm

77
Q

Trichostrongylus colubriformis aka

A

(Bankrupt worms, black scours worms):

78
Q

Other Less Frequent Species of tricho

A

Trichostrongylus probolurus
Trichostrongylus vitrine

79
Q

MOT of tricho:

A

Water or vegetables contaminated with infective larvae

80
Q

MOT of tricho where it Happened frequently in rural region with poor sanitary conditions

A

Water or vegetables contaminated with infective larvae

81
Q

tricho human infections are locatedmostly in ____ and _____ in which the infections are rather _____

A

Asia and Africa; rather benign

82
Q

Parasite that eggs resemble those of hookworms (78-98 µm by 40-50 µm)- slightly tapered at one end

A

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

83
Q

light & asymptomatic; heavy infection may produce abdominal pain and diarrhea, usually with
eosinophilia

A

Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis

84
Q

disease; worms damage the lining of the Small Intestine or the Stomach

A

Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis

85
Q

Enteritis, Gastritis, and sometimes Anemia

A

disease;Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis

86
Q

disease:Typical signs are Diarrhea (Mucous and/or Hemorrhagic) or Constipation

A

Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasi

87
Q

Loss of Appetite
 Reduced Weight Gains or even Weight Loss, etc.
 Acute severe infections in young animals may be fatal

A

Trichostrongylosis or Trichostrongyliasis

88
Q

parasite; detection of characteristic eggs in the feces.

A

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

89
Q

determination of the species requires Post Mortem Examination of adult worms after necropsy

A

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

90
Q

parasite; Direct life cycle
No Intermediate Host involve

A

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

91
Q

Adult females lay eggs in the _______of the host that are shed with the feces.

A

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP

92
Q

Once in the
environment the eggs release the ________that complete development to infective_______ 5 days by suitable weather (hot and humid), significantly longer by cold weather.

A

L1-Larve; L3-Larvae

93
Q

t complete development to infective L3-larvae in
about how many days?

A

5 days

94
Q

trichostrongylus spp
infective larvae can survive in the environment and remain infective for up to

A

6 months

95
Q

No true vaccines against??

A

Trichostrongylus worms

96
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis synonym

A

pulmonema contonesis

97
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis common name

A

Rat/rodent lungworm

98
Q

definitive host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Lungs

99
Q

Disease of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Human Angiostrongylosis

100
Q

habitat of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Pulmonary arteries of rats

101
Q

Intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Snails

102
Q

incidental host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Man

103
Q

MOT of this parasite is ingestion of larvae in raw or undercooked snails or other vectors

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

104
Q

parasite? Ingestion of raw mollusks containing the what stage of larva?

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis; 3rd stage larva

105
Q

parasite?? MOT Ingestion of raw leafy vegetables contaminated with mucus secretions of the mollusks containing
what stage?

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis; 3rd stage larva

106
Q

parasite? MOTIngestion of paratenic hosts such as fresh water prawns and crabs containing the infective larva

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

107
Q

infective stage of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

3rd stage larva

108
Q

the most common cause of Eosinpholic meningitis in South East Asia in the pacific basin

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

109
Q

the nematode suspected with angiostrongylus cantonensis were first identified in the ______ of a patient with an eosinophilic meningitis by _____ and ____ in Taiwan in 1944

A

CSF; Nomora and Lim

110
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is initially called?

A

Hemostrongylus Ratti

111
Q

angio.c: who identified the life cycle of worm in rats

A

1955 (Mackerass and Sanders):

112
Q

angio c; an epidemiological study of Eosinophilic Meningitis in human was conducted by

A

Rosen, Laigret,
and Bories

113
Q

parasite? Early Symptoms:
 Severe Abdominal Pain
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Weakness which gradually lessens and
progresses to fever.

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

114
Q

CNS symptoms and severe headache and stiffness of the neck can also be observed and
occasionally patients present with cranial nerve palsy usually in nerve ___ and ____, rarely larvae will
enter the occular structures

A

7 and 8

115
Q

Can also cause permanent damage to the central nervous system and can cause death

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

116
Q

Ascending weakness, quadriparesis, areflexia, respiratory failure, and muscle atrophy,
and will lead to death if not treated

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

117
Q

 Damage to the CNS may be permanent and result in a variety of negative outcomes
depending on thw location of the infection, and the patient may suffer chronic pain as a
result of infection

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

118
Q

Visual impairment, pain, keratitis, and retinal edem

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

119
Q

Worms? usually appear in the _______ and ____ and can sometimes be
removed surgically

A

angiostrongylus cantonensis; anterios chamber and vitreous

120
Q

The parasite is RARELY seen in endemic area and in this case, patients does have Travel
History to an Endemic Area

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

121
Q

Humans do not act as reservoir because worm cannot reproduce in humans and humans do not
therefore, contribute to their life cycle

A

angio. c

122
Q

Several species of snails, including the________ in the Pacific
Islands and snails of the genus ____ in Thailand and Malaysia

A

Giant African Land Snail (Achatina fulica): Pila

123
Q

angio.c: snails of the genus Pila in

A

thailand and malaysia

124
Q

angio c: most important vector in areas of China

A

Golden Apple Snail (Ampullarium canaliculatus)

125
Q

Freshwater Prawns, Crabs, or other Paratenic or Transport, Hosts can also act as vectors

A

angio.c

126
Q

incubation of angio c?

A

Usually 1 week to 1 month after infection, and can be as long as 47 days.

127
Q

how many protective collagen layer in angio c?

A

3

128
Q

parasite with Simple stomal opening with no lips or buccal cavity leading to a fully developed GIT

A

angio c

129
Q

parasite? males have a Small Copulatory Bursa at the Posterior

A

angio c

130
Q
A
131
Q

parasite? females have a “barber pole” shape down the middle of the body, which is created by the
twisting together of the intestine and uterine tubules

A

angio c.

132
Q

angio c females have ____ shape down the middle of the body

A

barber pole

133
Q

angio c; ____ should always be done in cases of suspected meningitis

A

lumbar puncture

134
Q

angio c; in case of _______ it will rarely produce worms even when they are present in CSF

A

Eosinophilic meningitis

135
Q

angio c; larve is present only in CSF in only ____ % of cases

A

1.9-10%

136
Q

Increased levels of _____ in the CSF is a trademark of the Eosinophilic Meningitis

A

eosinophils

137
Q

Clingy to end of the nerves

A

angio c; Eosinophilic Meningitis

138
Q

parasite? Brain lesions with invasion of both gray and white matter, can be seen on a CT or MRI
 MRI findings tend to be inconclusive and usually include non specific lesios and Vetricular
Enlargement
 Sometimes, Hemorrhagic probably produced by migrating worms is present and of diagnostic
value

A

angio c

139
Q

In patients with elevated eosinophils, ____ can be used to confirm a diagnosis of
angiostrongyliasis rather than infection with another parasite

A

serology

140
Q

angio c; The most definitive diagnosis always arises from the idnetification of larvae found in the??

A

csf and eyes

141
Q

___ and ___ is making diagnosis less specific

A

Trichinosis and A. cantonensis

142
Q

often used to kill of the worms of angio c.

A

anti-helmenthics

143
Q

anti-helminthic drug of choice

A

albendazole

144
Q

Generally recommended but should administer gradually, to limit the Inflammatory
Reaction

A

anti helminthic drusg

145
Q

Anisakis: drug to be admnistered in severe infections to limit the inflammatory reactions

A

corticosteroids

146
Q

angio.c ; how many weeks of combination of ___ and ___ shorten the course of?

A

2 weeks; mebendazole and prednizone

147
Q

angio c; chinese herbal medicine

A

: Long dan xie gan Tan [LDXGT]

148
Q

angio c; Similar anti-inflammatory effect
 Used alone to relive symptoms while it resolves itself

A

Long dan xie gan Tan [LDXGT]

149
Q

angio c; ______ to lower cranial pressure and relieve headaches

A

lumba puncture

150
Q

parasite??
Avoid consumption of uncooked vectors, such as snails and freshwater prawns
 Avoid drinking water from open sources, which may have been contaminated by vectors
 Prevent young children from playing with or eating live snails

A

angio c

151
Q

Parasitic round worms living in the stomach

A

ANISAKIS SPECIES

152
Q

nematode of planctonic crustacean, sea fish and sea mammals
- Common gastrointestinal parasites of marine mammals (with Pseudoterranova)

A

ANISAKIS SPECIES

153
Q

disease of anisakis

A

Anisakiasis or herring disease

154
Q

parasite? appear to be more prone to produce invasive disease

A

anisakis spp

155
Q

parasite ? tend to be coughed up or vomited intact

A

pseudoterranova spp

156
Q

have been reported in individuals who had eaten live minnows or home
prepared sushi. These parasites usually infect fish-eating birds, but in humans , the bright red larvae
invade the abdominal cavity, requiring surgical removal.

A

eustrongyloides spp

157
Q

most common Anisakis spp)

A

Anisakis simplex

158
Q

has protective layer against gastric acid and survives into the gastric wall

A

ANISAKIS SPECIES

159
Q

Larval ______ develop into reproducing adults only in animal

A

Anisakis simplex

160
Q

ingestion of 3rd stage larva in the flesh of raw fish

A

MOT os anisakis

161
Q

Acute allergic symptoms:
o Rash
o Throat swelling
o Low blood pressure (Allergic: with or without gastrointestinal symptoms)

A

anisakis

162
Q

Worldwide, with higher incidence in areas where raw fish is eaten (e.g., Japan, Pacific Coast of
South America, the Netherlands)

A

anisakis spp

163
Q

parasite? causing symptoms
mimicking Crohn’s Disease

A

anisakis

164
Q

confirmed by the recovery of an intact worm at endoscopy (usually at Upper Endoscopy)

A

anisakis

165
Q

presence of an eosinophilic granuloma containing an identifiable nematode in a surgical specimen
o Histopathologic examination (tissue removed at biopsy or during surgery)

A

anisakis

166
Q

exploratory Laparoptomy (Small Intestine, Cecum, Colon)

A

anisakis

167
Q

Prevention:
 Freezing the fish __deg C for __ hours

A

-20 for 24

168
Q

common name of draconculus medinensis

A

Guinea worm
Fiery serpent of the Israelites
Medina worm
Serpent worm
Dragon worm

169
Q

discoverers of Draconculus medinensis

A

Linnaeus and Gallandant

170
Q

Draconculus medinensis habitat

A

cutaneous and sub cutaneous tissue

171
Q

life span of Draconculus medinensis

A

12-18 monts

172
Q

parasite? If worms fail to reach the skin, it dies and either disintegrates or calcifies
o Doesn’t reach the skin usually dies and causes little reaction

A

Draconculus medinensis

173
Q

parasite? worms are removed using a thinstick, tooth pick or matchstick

A

Draconculus medinensis

174
Q

drug for d.m that is for pain and secondary infection

A

aspirin

175
Q

snakes in rod logo of medicine

A

Draconculus medinensis

176
Q

Life span of draconculus medinensis

A

12-18 months

177
Q

worms fail to reach the skin, it dies and either disintegrates or calcifies

A

Draconculus medinensis

178
Q

blisters appear at any location and rupture of blister favors the escape of larva.

A

D. Medinensis

179
Q

Larvae release may be induced when cold water is applied

A

Draconculus medinensis

180
Q

it causes pseudoperitoneal
syndromes and allergic manifestations.

A

Messenteric tissue: d.m

181
Q

the worm liberates a toxic substance that produces local inflammatory reactions; blisters appear at any location and rupture of blister favors the escape of larva; sterile
blister with serous exudation

A

Superficial tissue: dm

182
Q

Dead calcified worms may be located by

A

Roentgen-ray examination

PARASIT (29 decks)

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