cestode Flashcards
all cestodes are hermaphrodite except?
Schistosomes
2 DIVISIONS
Trematodes or Flukes
Cestodes or Tapeworms
ORDER PSEUDOPHYLLIDEAN life cycle?
Aquatic life cycle
ORDER PSEUDOPHYLLIDEAN scolex?
Scolex: consist of 2 opposing sucking organs
Scolex: 4 suckers
ORDER CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN
Vitellaria: condensed to a mass adjacent to the ovary
ORDER CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN
TYPES OF TREMATODES
schistosomes (blood flukes)
Tissue Flukes
class cestoda appearance
Flat or ribbon like
Microorganism begins life as a male and change
into female
Protandry
how many segments in class cestoda
3-4,000 segments
Having the anterior proglottids
overlapping the next exterior
one
Craspedote
proglottids don’t overlap
Acraspedote -
Premature detachment of
proglottids or release of
terminal gravid proglottids
Apolytic
The gravid proglottids are not
shed in the strobila and the
eggs are release in another
way
Anapolytic
cestodes doesnt habe what tract and system?
Alimentary tract and vascular system
Food is absorbed by the
cuticle system
(Having only a one reproductive organ;
a male or a female)
Monoecious
(Having 2 reproductive
organ; a male and a female
Hermaphrodite
is the integument of an
organism esp. the parasitic flatworms)
TEGUMENT
Highly specialized microvilli covering the
entire surface of tegument of the
cestodes
Microtriches
Fine hair like filament distributed all
throughout the body
Microtriches
Region of growth
* Where the segments will arise
Neck
- Individual segments are called
proglottids;
the entire chain is
called
strobilla
The main body of the tapeworm
Strobila; ( chain of proglottids)
male copulatory
organ
Cirrus pouch -
characteristic of
Diphyllobothrium latum
- Coiled (Rosette)
characteristic
of hymenolepis specie
Saccular or lobulated
characteristics of taenia saginata and
solium
Tube, straight or branched
for attachment and eradication of the parasite
scolex
organ of attachment
scolex
region of growth
Neck
Chain of progressively developing proglottids
STROBILA
CORACIDIUM;ciliated (1st
stage larva)
Oncosphere larvae:
is where the hook or
hooklets are attached)
rostellum
ORGAN FOR ATTACHMENT OF SCOLEX: Two elongated grooves
BOTHRIA
ORGAN FOR ATTACHMENT OF SCOLEX; Cup-like
SUCKING DISKS
ORGAN FOR ATTACHMENT OF SCOLEX; Chitinous hooks
ROSTELLUM
Progressively matures and functions individually
Originates from posterior neck region of the organism
With completely formed sexual organs
PROGLOTTID
MATURE UTERUS
Coiled
Saccular or lobulated
Tube, straight or branched
Reticulate with ova in capsules
With lateral branches
GRAVID SEGMENT
egg formation
Ootype
Oviduct joined to ?
spermatic duct
- important for the nourishment of the eggs
Vitellaria
minute ducts leading to the testes
Vasa efferentia
muscular organ that opens to the vagina
Cirrus
Male copulatory organ
Found in hymenolepis spp and Taenia spp
CIRRUS
Has the flame cell or protonephridium
EXCERETORY SYSTEM
- one or more intermediate hosts
Heteroxenous
one intermediate host
Homoxenous
HABITAT OF CESTODES?
Ileum, jejunum, colon
metabolism of cestodes?
Anaerobic
METABOLISM
anaerobic, Absorption by
Tegument
host starvation and decrease vitamin ?
B
self and cross fertilization
Hermaphroditism-
REPRODUCTION - in Intermediate Host
Asexual
r Taenia that can last for
20-25
years
Ova -> Larva:
one intermediate host
Larva -> adult:
definitive host
can be found on the tissues of vertebrates
and invertebrates
Larvae-
TWO MAIN CLASSES OF LARVAE: SOLID
no scolex; with oncospiral hooks
Procercoid
TWO MAIN CLASSES OF LARVAE: SOLID; can be found in coat pads?
procercoid
TWO MAIN CLASSES OF LARVAE: SOLID; elongated, infective stage
plerocercoid
TWO MAIN CLASSES OF LARVAE: SOLID:with developing scolex & strobila
plerocercoid
also known as “true bladder”. Enlarged central
cavity
cysticercus-
slightly developed bladder and a scolex at the
apex
cysticercoid
Variations: VESICULAR/ BLADDER OR CYST :
several scolices
Cyst is well developed
multiple invaginated scolices
coenurus
Variations: VESICULAR/ BLADDER OR CYST :
with daughter cyst present
cyst is well developed
brood capsules and daughter cells
echinococcus/ hydatid cyst
PATHOGENECITY
Cestodes usually has a minimal intestinal irritation.
Toxic products
Vit B deficiency
pseudophyllidean or cyclophyllidean? Genital pore is in the center of proglottid
pseudophyllidean
pseudophyllidean or cyclophyllidean? Globular, clubshaped
4 muscular suckers
with or without
spines or hooks
cyclophyllidean
pseudophyllidean or cyclophyllidean?Almond/ spatulate
2 suctorial grooves
pseudophyllidean
pseudophyllidean or cyclophyllidean? genital pore margins of proglottid
cyclophyllidean
pseudophyllidean or cyclophyllidean? uterine pore center of segment
Pseudo
Largest human tapeworm (Length: 10 meters)
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM can live up to?
25 years
Found in Great lakes, Scandinavia, W. Europe, Japan and
South America
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
Chemical that interferes with intrinsic factor and
Vitamin B12 absorption
Diphyllobothrium Anemia
Diagnostic stage of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
Embryonated egg
Infective stage of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
: Procercoid larva
COMMON NAME: DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
Fish tapeworm or Broad tapeworm
D.l color?
Ivory white
bothria shape of D.l?
almond shape
Longest tapeworm of man
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
ovum of D.l posterior part is?
Thickened
color of ovum of D.l
Yellowish to yellow-brown
D.l: Ovum is what if found in feces
Immature
D.l:ovum eggs/day
100,000
D.l: what hatch from eggs and are ingested by crustacean
coracida
D.l:what arvae in body cavity of cirmcumstances
Procercoid
D.l:Procercoid larva released from crustacean, develops into ?
Plerocercoid larva
D.l: liberated from eggshell
swims feely in water
CORACIDUM
D.l:measures 500 µ in length
with 3 pairs of hooklets
PROCERCOID
D.l:Glistening, opaque white
PLEROCERCOID LARVAE/SPARGANUM
D.l:Unsegmented and has an invaginated anterior end
No scolex
PLEROCERCOID LARVAE/SPARGANUM
D.l Infective stage to man
PLEROCERCOID LARVAE/SPARGANUM
D.l: Reservoir hosts:
dogs and cats
D.l: Final Hosts
man
D.l 1st IH: copepods
Genus Cyclops and Diaptomus
D.l 2nd IH:
: fresh water fishes
o Pike, salmon, trout, white fish
D.l Migration of proglottids can cause
cholecystitis or cholangitis
mechanical obstruction or inflammation of the gal bladder
Cholecystitis
Obstruction of the bile duct
Cholangitis
Blood picture of D.l
Macrocytic normochromic anemia
___% have decreased vitamin B12 levels ?
40%
Disease of Diphyllobotrium latum? Eyes, nose, neck
Brain and abdominal viscera
Intense inflammation and eosinophilia
Ingestion of infected cyclops
SPARGANOSIS
Disease of Diphyllobotrium latum?
Edematous swelling of the eyelids
Intense pain
Irritation
OCULAR SPARGANOSIS
Disease of Diphyllobotrium latum? Macrocytic normochromic anemia
With thrombocytopenia
Mild leukopenia
A pernicious type of anemia
40% have decreased vitamin B12 levels
BOTHRIOCEPHALUS ANEMIA
Disease of Diphyllobotrium latum? Clinical symptoms may be mild
Systemic toxemia, abdominal discomfort, loss of weight, loss
of appetite & malnutrition
Migration of proglottids can cause cholecystitis or cholangitis
Can cause mechanical destruction
DIPHYLLOBOTHRASIS/ BROAD TAPEWORM INFECTION
D.l freeze at what degree and for how many hours?
-18 deg, 24 hrs
TAENIA SOLIUM common name
Pork tapeworm
T. solium Disease:
Cysticercosis
Taenia solium definitive host and intermediate host?
Man
parasite? Scolex (head) - globular with 4 suckers and armed with
rostellum (circular tow of hooks)
TAENIA SOLIUM
taenia.s organ of attachment
Rostellum
parasite that has rostellum (circular tow of hooks)
Rostellum: double crowned of hooks
TAENIA SOLIUM
Unsegmented narrow neck and a large body which is formed
with several hundred of proglottids
TAENIA SOLIUM
the entire body of taenia solium is called the
Strobila
Slightly smaller to the T. saginata
taenia solium
parasite? 2 radially striated shells
T. solium
how many hooklets in internal oncosphere the egg of t.solium
6 hooklets
ova of t.solium color
spherical brown
how do you differentiate egg of t.solium and t.saginata?
patient history
egg of parasite? Can be viable up to ____ months in the water, soil and vegetation
particularly in humid and warm environment
T.solium; 2 monthd
parasite? The proglottids that are closer to the scolex don’t have a
sexual organ
t.solium
The farther from the scolex the more sexually mature the
proglottid are.
t.solium
—> 50,000 fertile eggs w/c will be
accumulated by long profusely branch uterus
mature proglottids of t.solium
intermediate host of t.solium
pig or man
disease of t.solium
Taeniasis solium, cysticercosis
t.solium; every fer many dayshow many gravid proglottid will detach/shed from the dital end of the worm and will pass through the feces?
2-5 gravid proglottid
disease of t.solium; A liquid filled vesicle measuring 10-20 millimeters in diameter
with great variation in size
CYSTICERCOSIS CELLULOSAE
fulfill their metabolic and nutritional
needs by absorption and diffusion through the vesicular wall
Taenia and cysticerci
The vesicular fluid is mostly composed of water although it
also contains calcium, glycoproteins, cholinesterase as well
as coproporphyrin
CYSTICERCOSIS CELLULOSAE
the ones that contains the larva of t.solium
oncosphere
T.solium most frequently lodge in
voluntary tissue
t.solium larvae will complete development in how many months?
2 months
parasite? It is
semitransparent opalis and white and elongate oval in shape,
and it may reach a length of .6 – 1.8 cm
t.solium
parasite? The bladder is fluid filled and on one side it is a denser area
containing the scolex
t.solium
t.solium Ocular cysticercosis percent
2.5%
t.solium muscular involvement:percent
10%
t.solium Most common clinical manifestation of
neurocysticercosis and usually represents its
primary or only manifestation
epilepsy
is the leading cause of adults on
set epilepsy
Neurocysticercosis
Recently, epilepsy has been reported in around _____% of all patients with neurocysticercosis
50-70%
t.solium enlargement of the brain
Intermittent obstructive Hydrocephalus
patient with nuerocysticercosis has % possibility to develop hydrocephalus
10-30%
t.solium, intraocular cysticerci may be located at the?
anterior chamber which is the lens
t.solium sub retinal cyst is most often located at the
macula
Taenia saginata common name
beef tapeworm
earliest human parasite
t.saginata
Tapeworm infection have been recorded in the history
from _____ and have been recognized as the earliest
human parasite
1500 BC
: The differentiation between Taenia saginata and Taenia solium
happened in the late
1700
However, the exact life cycle of Taenia
saginata was discovered only in ____ when the cattle wa identified as
the immediate host.
1863
definitive host of t.saginata
human
human is not an intermediate host thus human cysticercosis due
to this spp does not occur.
t.saginataa
It takes ___weeks for the worm to mature into
adulthood into the human intestines. (only a single worn
is present at a time. However, multiple worms have been
known to inhabit the human body)
5-12 weeks
Pear-shaped head (scolex) with four suckers but no
hooks
T.saginata
T. saginata Inhabits the ____ and may live up to 25 years
upper jejunum
Derives nourishment from the intestinal contents and it
is devoid of hooks thus no rostellum.
T.saginata
t.saginata; The mature proglottid is approximately ____ in shape
and can contain matre male and female reproductive
organs.
squarw
The uterus has median club-shaped
t.saginata
The vagina is sphincter shape
T.saginata
Contain an embryo with 3 hooklets
T.saginata
Contain an embryo with 6 hooklets
T.solium
disease of t.saginata
TAENIASIS SAGINATA
disease? Disturbance in the normal functions of the digestive tract
Systemic intoxication
TAENIASIS SAGINATA
Most patients do not know that they are infected until a
single proglottid will actually crawl out of the anus or
individual proglottids are spotted on the surface of stool.
TAENIASIS SAGINATA
is diagnosed by recovering eggs or gravid
proglottids from the feces of the infected host
TAENIASIS
Eggs are irregularly passed out in the stool
STOOL EXAMINATION (concentration Techniques)
Can be used for increasing the chance of
demonstrating the eggs
FECT
Useful because eggs are left in the perianal
skin
Perianal Scotch Tape Method
METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATING TAENIA SPP:
1. Examine the proglottids in the feces
Inject dye (India ink or safranin) using gauge 26 needle
Count the uterine branches
armed with rostellum with 4 muscular suckers
T. solium
unarmed with 4 muscular suckers
T. saginata:
isolated from aborigines of Taiwan
Taiwan asiatica
Cysticercus:
o Invaginated scolex armed with hooklets
o Adult scolex: unarmed
Taiwan taenia
Gravid segments: 11-32 branches
Taiwan taenia
Taiwan taenia resembles
Taenia solium
Adult scolex is unarmed and it resembles saginata
Taiwan taenia
found in pigs, cattles, goats, wild bores and monkeys
Taiwan taenia
It is the most common cause of all cestode infection and is
encountered worldwide specifically in temperate areas and its
incidence is higher in children and in institutionalized groups.
Hymenolepis nana
common name of H.nana
Dwarf tapeworm
H.nana variety in rats
fraternal
Scolex: retractable anterior rostellum
HYMENOLEPIS NANA/ VAMPIROLEPIS NANA
distinguishing characteristic of H. nana
20-30 Y-shaped hooklets
smallest cestode
H.nana
H.nana Common associated disease and condition is
Hymenolepsiasis or dwarf tapeworm disease
Genital pores: same side
H. nana
Scolex: retractable anterior rostellum
H.nana
Larva (Cysticercoid stage):
Tailed structure
invaginated scolex
lacks a fluid filled bladder
develops in insect or human villi
H.nana
Eggs are oval or subspherical or smaller ranging from
40-60um x 30-50um
H.nana
H.nana stage where it develops in the insect of human vili
Cysticercoid stage
H.nana : On the inner membrane ar___ poles from which____
polar filaments would spread out between the two
membranes
2 poles; 4-8 polar filaments
h.nana; The oncosphere has ___hooks
6 hook
intermediate host of H.nana?
rice and flour beetles (Tenebrio spp)
Definitive host of H.nana
man, rats, mice
infective stage of H.nana direct life cycle
embryonated ova
infective stage of H.nana indirect life cycle
cysticercoid larva
The eggs of H. nana can be immediately infective when
passed with a stool and cannot survive for more than ____
in the external environment
10 days
The oncosophere will have the _____ will
penetrate the intestinal villi and develop into cysticercoid
larva
hexacanth larvae
H.nana reside in what portion of the small intestine
iliac portion
H. nana: The lifespan of adut worm is_____weeks but internal infection
will allow the infection to persist for years.
4-6 weeks
disease: Massive infection may follow autoreinfection
there mayb be little or no pathology that can occur
from the development of cysticercoid in the villi.
DWARF TAPEWORK INFECTION
h. nana: we find ____ in tissues that would usually
happen in the direct life cycle:
cysticercoid
life cyccle of h.nana:
o induce little or no immunity
o permitting occasional massive internal
reinfection
indirect cycle
life cyccle of h.nana: cellular and humoral response
direct life cycle:
o TREATMENT OF CHOICE for H. NANA
o It causes paralysis and death of H.nana
Praziquantel (25 mg/kg single dose)
It causes death to the tapeworm by interfering with the
oxidative phosphorylation
niclosamide
common name of H. diminuta
Rat Tapeworm (primarily a parasite of rats)
Human: accidental infections
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
parasite? scolex is club-shaped: unarmed rostellum (means no hooks) with
four suckers.
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
The oncosphere has 3 pairs of hooks but no polar filaments
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
The gravid proglottids consist of a bladder like cyst that contain little
or no fluid that emerges from select tapeworm eggs that happens
in the host
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
3 ovoid testes and 1 ovary
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
Genital pores:
Uterus:
Genital pores: unilateral
Uterus: sac-like with eggs
hooklets of H.diminuta arrangement
Fan-like arrangement
o Enclosed in an inner membrane
o Lacks bipolar filaments
Hexacanth larva (oncosphere) of H.diminuta
intermediate host of H.diminuta
(beetles, cockroaches, ratfleas)
Definitive hosts of H.diminuta
rat and man
infective stage of H.diminuta
cysticercoid larva
H. diminuta Mature cysticercoid: usually develops in infective beetles _____ days
following infection
20 days
the species from the genus _____ are actually the common
intermediate host for Hymenolepis diminuta.
Triobolium
Taenia’s and cysterici fulfill their metabolic and nutritional
needs by
Absorption and diffusion
Common name of D. caninum
Double-pored tapeworm/Dog tapeworm, flea
tapeworm, cucumber tapeworm
Very common parasite of dogs and cats worldwide
D. caninum
Normal host of D.caninum
Canines, fleas and feline
Human is an accidental host of this parasite
D.cani
intermediate host of D.cani
larval stages of the dog or cat flea, or
occasionally the Trichodectes canis or the dog louse
color of adult D.cani
Pale red
With 4 suckers and a club shaped arm rostellum
D.cani
1-7 rows (30-150) or 1-7 circlets of spine that resides on
the rostellum
D.cani
Shape of the hook of D.cani
Rose thorn shaped
Filled with polygonal-shaped uterine eggs pocket
Full of eggs closing an embryonic membrane
D.cani
MAture and gravid resembles a pumpkin seed or pumpkin seed in
shaped
D. cani
Segments of D. caninum and this is from a member enclosed
pocket which every pocket contains how many eggs?
5-30
embryo is hexacanth and contains 3 pairs of delicate hooklets
D.cani
disease of D.cani?
: Dipylidiasis or Dog tapeworm infection
Self limiting disease of what parasite?
D.cani
habitat of D.cani
Lumen of the small intestine of dogs
Prolottids are flattenend between 2 slides
D. cani
Egg capsules are rarely seen in feces
D.cani
Scolex- rhomboidal-shaped, with a club-shaped
rostellum and thorn shaped hooks
D.cani
mature- pumpkin seed shaped with
double set of reproductive organs
D.cani
gravid- filled with polygonal-shape
uterine egg pocket
D.cani
genus of parasitic tapeworms that has chicken, turkey, geese
and numerous other domestic and wild birds as final hosts.
RAILLIETINA
the broad-headed tapeworm, up to
13 cm long and 1-3 mm wide, in chicken, turkey and many
wild birds; found worldwide
Raillietina cesticillus:
the nodular tapeworm, up to
25 cm long and 1 -4 mm wide, in chicken, pigeon, pheasants;
found worldwide
Raillietina echinobothrida
up to 25 cm long and 1-4 mm wide,
in numerous domestic and wild birds; found worldwide
Raillietina tetragona
: up to 7 cm long and 1.5 mm wide,
mainly in pigeons; found in Europe, Near and Middle East
Raillietina bonini:
most significant Raillietina
RAILLIETINA GARRISONI
Common intestinal cestode of rodents in the Philippines
RAILLIETINA GARRISONI
first case of R.garri?
Thailanf in 1891
Scolex: minute; subglobular, has rostellum with 90-
140 hammer shaped hooks
RAILLIETINA GARRISONI
common genital pore that opens at one side
RAILLIETINA GARRISONI
Intermediate host of R.garri
: flour beetle (Tribolium confusum)
Diagnosis of R.garr
Proglottids and ova
Common name of E. granulosus
Hydatid worm, hydatid cyst, dog tapeworm
Smallest of all tapeworm
E. granu
infective stage of E.granu
Embryonated ova
intermediate host of E. granu
sheep, cattles, horses, humans
definitive host of E.granu
Dogs and other canines
E. granu disease
unilocular echinococcosis, hydatid disease, echinococciasis
Man is parasitized only by the LARVA (hydatid
cyst) of the tapeworm. The dog is the optimum
definitive host which consumes the viscera of the IH
containing the infective larval stage and thereby
becomes infected.
ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS
SCOLEX: Pyriform with 4 suckers and armed rostellum
(double crown of 20-36 hooklets)
ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS
This form is not typically seen in human but commonly found
in canine
adult E. granu
- uterus with its lateral invagination
resemble a loosely twisted coil. Uterus has 12-15
branches distended with around 500 eggs.
E. granu
LARVA: HYDATID CYST
3 Major Components:
LARVA: HYDATID CYST
3 Major Components: Outermost morphological contour
Germinal Layer
LARVA: HYDATID CYST
3 Major Components: Responsible for the uptake of essential resources
from the host
Germinal Layer
LARVA: HYDATID CYST
3 Major Components:Asexually buds from the blood capsule
o Protrudes from the germinal layer
o Develops into an adults
prostoscolex
E.granu:
Obstructive jaundice
o Fever
o eosinophilia
Liver 66%
LARVA: HYDATID CYST
3 Major Components:Comprises of numerous proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous materials wich are secreted from the
parasite as well as absorbed from the host
Hydatid fluid
LARVA: HYDATID CYST
3 Major Components:Harbors tegumental materials shed from the
protoscolex and resources derived from the
metabolic turnover of the germinal layer
Hydatid fluid
LARVA: HYDATID CYST
3 Major Components:Proteins are crucial at the host parasite interface for
maturation and survival of he parasites within the
host and disease progresson
E.granu:
Coughing with allergic symptoms
o Sputum (frothy blood mucus with a hydatid fluid)
Lungs 22%
o Intermittent pain
o Hematuria
o Kidney dysfunction
Kidnets 3%
E.granu:
Increased intracranial pressure
o Jacksonian epilepsy
BRAIN
Life span is inversely proportional to the temperature
ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
E. multi aka
hydatid worm
E. multi MOT
Fecal-oral
Once worms are in the host, they reside in the small intestines
and can travel to various other organs through the lymphatic
system
ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
most site of cysts of E. multi
Liver
Larval growth remains indefinitely in the proliferative stage
wherein there is an invasion of the surrounding tissues
ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
Rostellum is located on the frontal end surface or apex of the
scolex
E. multi
No mouth, they absorb nutrients through their external
covering and microvilli
No anus
Scolex is attached to the strobila via a long thin neck
E. multi
disease of e. multi
Hydatid disease
hydatidosis
alveolar multiocular hydatid disease
distinct stage, a complex cysticercus that develops
from the hexacanth. They have an alveolar structure ovoid
shape and make up a spongy mass of daughter hydatids and
protoscolices
Hydatid stage of E. multi
encysted larvae
E.multi
A protoscolex is a juvenile scolex budded within a hydatid
metacestode. They are grayish-white with gelatinous contents
and liters of fluids.
E. multi
Organism resistant to praziquante
E. muli
Surgery: only definitive treatment
E. multi
DIagnosis of E. granu
Roentgenography
Diagnosis of E. multi
ELISA
Radiological studies
intermediate host of Raillietina garrisoni, genus
flour beetle (Tribolium confusum)
Taenia multiceps common name
Gid worm
intermediate host of taenia multiceps
herbivores
Definitive host of taenia multiceps
Dogs, wolves and fox
Infective stage of T. multiceps
Embryonated egg
is a juvenile scolex budded within a hydatid
metacestode. They are grayish-white with gelatinous contents
and liters of fluids.
Protoscolex of E. multi
replacement of cyst fluid of e. granu
2% Silver nitrate
10% formalin
E. Muli; ingested by definitive host
Protoscolices
