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PARASIT > monoecious > Flashcards

monoecious Flashcards

1
Q

Monoecious flukes: The eggs are supplied from the ___ gland are
fertilized within the ___

A

vitelline gland; uterus

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2
Q

what surround the shells?

A

menis glands

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3
Q

They should be shed in a suitable environment in order to
continue the life-cycle

A

MONOECIOUS FLUKES

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4
Q

Paragonium westermani common name

A

oriental lung fluke or lung fluke

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5
Q

distribution of paragonimus westermani

A

japan, korea, china, nepal, philippines

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6
Q

They are usually resides in pairs in the lungs

A

Para.w

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7
Q

color of paragonimus westermani

A

reddish brown

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8
Q

para.w adult active stage shape

A

spoon shaped

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9
Q

para.w adult preserved state shape?

A

ova, flattened, coffee-bean shapes

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10
Q

It has a spinous cuticle and suckers that are of
equal size

A

Para.w

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11
Q

They have 2 large testes in the posterior part of
the body

A

Para.w

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12
Q

Lobed ovary
○ Anterior to the testes

A

Para.w

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13
Q

extreme lateral fields

A

Vitellaria; para.w

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14
Q

Flattened operculum

A

para,w ova

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15
Q

Immature when oviposited

A

para.w ova

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16
Q

Immature when laid with a germ cell and many yolk cells
when oviposited

A

para.w

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17
Q

4 stages of P.westermani

A

Miracidium
Rediae
Cercaria
Metacercaria

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18
Q

habitat of Para.w

A

Lung pockets

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19
Q

infective stage of para.w

A

metacercaria

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20
Q

1st intermediate host of para.w

A

1st IH: snail of genera:
○ Hua (semisulcospira, Syncera and Thiara,
Pomatiopsis, Pomacea)
○ Brotia asperata (Philippines)

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21
Q

2nd IH of para.w

A

2nd IH:
○ freshwater crabs
○ Crayfish

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22
Q

Clinical manifestation of this disease is
Chronic bronchitis
Hemoptysis
abdominal and chest pains
Low grade fever, fatigue, and myalgia

A

Paragoniamiasis

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23
Q

disease of para.w

A

paragoniamiasis

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24
Q

Dyspnea means?

A

P, westermani
Shortness of breath or air hunger

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25
Q

use to differentiate paragonimus to P.tb

A

Antibody detection

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26
Q

What parasite? and disease?
Characterized by dry cough and sputum sample with blood

A

P. wester
Hemoptysis

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27
Q

Standard test for paragoniamiasis
■ Highly sensitive for the diagnosis and
monitoring chemotherapy

A

complement fixation

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28
Q

■ Uses crude antigen extract of
Paragonimus westermani

A

immunoblot assays

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29
Q

specificity of immunoblot assay

A

> /= 99%

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30
Q

common name of Clonorchis sinensis

A

CHINESE LIVER FLUKE/ ORIENTAL LIVER FLUK

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31
Q

C.sinensis is found in what country?

A

Japan

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32
Q

Usually infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts in man.

A

C.sinensis

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33
Q

 tapering anterior rounded posterior
 Ventral sucker is smaller than oral sucker
 The cuticle is smooth and shiny
 Highly branched testes

A

C.sinensis

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34
Q

In a human host, the adult worms are located in the bile duct
inside the liver. In very severe cases, the worms can also be
found in the gallbladder and pancreatic duct,

A

C.sinensis

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35
Q

C.sinensis in human host is located in what?

A

Bile duct inside the liver

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36
Q

in severe cases, the worms of C.sinensis is found in?

A

Gallbladder and pancreatic ducts

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37
Q

the metacercaria of C.sinensis exist in what part of the body?

A

duodenum

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38
Q

the immature worms of C.sinensis migrates to the what? via the what

A

Migrates to the bile duct via the ampulla of vater

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39
Q

first IH of c.sinensis

A

Freshwater snail
1st IH: operculated snails
❖ Bulimus
❖ Hua
❖ Alocinina
❖ Semisulcospira
❖ Thiara

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40
Q

2nd IH of c.sinensis

A

Freshwater fish

2nd IH: Freshwater fish
❖ Tingea tingea
❖ Barbus barbus

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41
Q

what ova of a prasite Resembles old-fashioned electric bulb

A

C.sinensis

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42
Q

ova of what parasite operculum distinctly convex

A

C.sinensis

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43
Q

ova of what parasite fully embryonated when laid

A

C.sinensis

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44
Q

habitat of C.sinensis

A

Bile passages/bile ducts

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45
Q

Infective stage of C.sinensis

A

Metacercaria

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46
Q

disease of C.sinensis

A

Clonorchiasis

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47
Q

disease associated with Cholangitis-inflammation of the bile duct

A

Clonorchiasis

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48
Q

disease? Leukocytosis and eosinophilia: early infection

A

Clonorchiasis

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49
Q

Disease associated with cholelithiasis-gall stone disease

A

Clonorchiasis

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50
Q

Disease associated with cholangiocarcinoma- bile duct cancer

A

Clonorchiasis

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51
Q

diagnosis of clonorchiasis

A

Eggs in biliary drainage
immunologic tests
liver scans

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52
Q

Eggs of clonorchis is very similar to what

A

Opistorchis

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53
Q

Cyst of this parasite can be detected via ultrasound, MRI and CT scan

A

C.sinensis

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54
Q

if there is a presence of adult fluke of C.sinensis what is the treatment

A

Surgery

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55
Q

Common name of Opistorchis felineus

A

Cat liver fluke

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56
Q

type of O.felin:
known as Southeast Asian Liver Fluke

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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57
Q

Found in northeast Thailand, Laos, Cambodia,
Central and Southern Vietnam

A

O.viverrini

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58
Q

Found in Italy, Germany, Belarus, Russia ,
Kazakhstan and Ukraine

A

O.felineus

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59
Q

Testes- lobate and oblique in position

A

O.feline

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60
Q

Both adult and ova resembles Chlonorchis sinensis

A

O.feline

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61
Q

infective stage of O.feline

A

Metacercaria

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62
Q

habitat of O.feline

A

❖ distal ducts and occasionally Pancreatic ducts

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63
Q

1st IH of O.feline

A

snails (bulimus)

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64
Q

2nd IH of O.feline

A

Freshwater fishes

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65
Q

disease of O.feline

A

opistorchiasis

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66
Q

Dyspepsia- symptoms of indigestion wherein there
is discomfort or pain that occurs in the upper
abdomen

A

Opistorchiasis

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67
Q

Disease: Hepatomegaly- enlargement of liver

A

opistorchiasis

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68
Q

Acute phase resembling Katayama fever -
Katayama fever is a manifestation of acute
schistosomiasis with the typical features like fever,
urticarial rash, enlarged liver and spleen and
bronchospasms

A

opistorchiasis

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69
Q

is a manifestation of acute
schistosomiasis with the typical features like fever,
urticarial rash, enlarged liver and spleen and
bronchospasms

A

Katayama Fever, O.felineus

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70
Q

the adult fluke of O.viver reside in>

A

Billiary and pancreatic ducts of the mammalian host

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71
Q

Testing the blood for this parasite is not useful for patient
management and no blood test to detect infection is
available

A

O.feline

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72
Q

More than 1 stool sample may be needed to identify the
eggs .

A

O.feline

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73
Q

Ova and parasite (O&P) stool examinations for liver fluke
eggs is the only available way to diagnos what?

A

Opistorchiasis

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74
Q

Common name of Fasciola hepatica

A

Common liver fluke/sheep liver fluke

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75
Q

Primarily found in domestic and wild ruminants which is their
main definitive host but also are causal agents of Fascioliasis in man where humans consume raw watercress.

A

F.hepatica

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76
Q

shouldered appearance which is actually the
distinguishing characteristic of the parasite?

A

Cephalic cone of Fasciola hepatica

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77
Q

Testes: tandem formation and highly branched

A

F.hep

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78
Q

Vitellaria: branched
 Ovary: branched located posterior to uterus and anterior to
testes
 Uterus: short and coiled

A

F.hep

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79
Q

ova of what? Unsegmented stage in the feces

A

F.hepatica

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80
Q

 Large and ellipsoidal
 Operculated
 Yellowish to light brown
 Thin-shelled with distinct operculum

A

F.hepatica

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81
Q

infective stage of F.hepatica

A

metacercaria

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82
Q

1st IH of F.hepatica

A

Water snail (lymnae)

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83
Q

2nd IH of F.hepatica

A

Watercress

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84
Q

disease of F.hepatica

A

Liver rot/ fascioliasis

85
Q

phase of liver rot: Immature fluke found in the liver

A

Acute phase; F.hepatica

86
Q

fasciola hepatica Larval migration to the liver

A

Acute Phase;

87
Q

where do youn find the abdominal pain in liver rot

A

Right quadrant

88
Q

Phase of liver rot: adult fluke foung in bile ducts

A

Chronic Phase. FAsciola hepatica

89
Q

Fascioliasis phase where we have to go back to patient’s history

A

acute phase

90
Q

where do you find Fasciola hepatica eggs

A

Duodenal and biliary drainage

91
Q

fasciola hepatica eggs is morphologicall indistinguishable from?

A

Fasciolopsis buski

92
Q

ectopic locations of infection of Fascioliasis

A

Intestinal wall
Lungs
Subcutaenous tissue
Pharyngeal mucosa

93
Q

The purpose of this is to rule out pseudo
fascioliasis

A

antibody detection

94
Q

It is effective and useful for invasive stages of the
Fascioliasis

A

antibody detection

95
Q

The eggs are ellipsoidal
and have a small barely visible operculum at the upper end

A

F.hepatica

96
Q

common name of Fasciola gigantica

A

giant liver fluke

97
Q

infective stage of F. gigantica

A

metacercaria

98
Q

MOT of F.gigantica

A

➢ Ingestion of watercress
➢ Drinking of water from streams

99
Q

IH of F.gigantica

A

 1st IH: snail
 2nd IH: watercress

100
Q

Common name of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Lanceolate fluke/ lancet fluke

101
Q

common parasite of ruminants

A

D. dendriticum

102
Q

Human can be accidental or definitive host

A

D.den

103
Q

location of adult parasite is in bile ducts of herbivors

A

D.den

104
Q

Another species of Dicrocoelium is the ____ which is responsible for human infection in West
Africa.

A

Dicrocoelium
hospes

105
Q

 Thick shelled and dark-brown
 Operculated shell
 Fully embryonated when shed in feces
● Dark-brown
● Operculated shel

A

D. dendriticum

106
Q

first intermediate host of D.den

A

1st IH: land snails (genus Helicella, Zebrin spp. and Cionella
spp)

107
Q

2nd IH of D.den

A

2nd IH: ants (genus Formica)

108
Q

mild hepatobilliary involvement

A

D.dendriticum

109
Q

definitive host of D.den

A

herbivores

110
Q

infective stage of D.den

A

metacercaria

111
Q

human infection is rare

A

D.den

112
Q

The Dicrocoelium dendriticum has a similar morphology to

A

Clonorchis sinensis

113
Q

diagnosis of D.den

A

Eggs
Feces
bile
Duodenal fluid

114
Q

Distinguished by the lobe testes in the anterior of the body
as oppose to Clonorchis sinensis whose testes are located
in the posterior

A

D.den

115
Q

the anterior of this parasite is distinguished by an oral sucker, acetabulum and testes

A

D.dendriticum

116
Q

Parasite?
mid section lies the vitelline gland for egg formation

A

D.dendriticum

117
Q

Historical notes: this minute fluke was first found by Bilharz
in 1851 at the autopsy of a native Cairo

A

HETEROPHYES HETEROPHYES

118
Q

hetero means?
Phyes means?

A

Different
Form

119
Q

Human infectoin of this parasite occurs in asia, egypt, and hawaii

A

H. hetero

120
Q

H.hetero The genital pore is situated postero-lateral to the prominent
ventral sucker which is surrounded by a genital sucker which
is called

A

Gonotyl

121
Q

It is an elongate, piriform worm, with a broadly rounded
posterior end and a more attenuate anterior end

A

H.hetero

122
Q

common name of H.hetero

A

Dwarf intestinal fluke
Von Seibold fluke

123
Q

Cuticle is covered with minute scale-like spine

A

H.hetero

124
Q

Vitellaria: with large polygonal follicle in the lateral posterior
third of the body

A

H.hetero

125
Q

Testes: ovoid and placed side by-side located at the
posterior fifth of the body

A

H.hetero

126
Q

o The surface of the worms are covered with minute spines

A

H.hetero

127
Q

the testes of this parasite is large and paired and are situated near a small ovary

A

H.hetero

128
Q

habitat of H.hetero

A

Small intestine

129
Q

genital sucker of H.hetero

A

Gonotyl

130
Q

the genital sucker of ____ number around 50-80 looking like ______

A

H.heterophyes;
Looking like small leafless trees

131
Q

the genital pore is situated postero laterral to the prominent ventral sucker which is surrounded by a genital sucker

A

H.hetero

132
Q

Light brown in color, thickshelled, operculated minute egg
● Operculated
● Fully developed miracidium at oviposition

A

H.hetero

133
Q

1st IH of H.hetero

A

: Brackish water snails
○ Pirenella (Egypt)
○ Cerithidea

134
Q

habitat of H.hetero

A

small intestine, upper and middle portion jejunum and duodenum

135
Q

the ova of this parasite is light brown almost yellow in colot. operculate and the eggs contains the miracidium

A

H.hetero

136
Q

The eggs of H.hetero is indistinguishable t those of _____ but resembles ___ and ____

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

REsembles opistorchis and clonorchis

137
Q

2nd IH of H.hetero

A

Fish
○ Mugil cephalus or Mullet
○ Tilapia nilotica
○ Yellow or perch
○ Mugil and Acanthogobius (JAPAN)

138
Q

H.hetero disease

A

Heterophyiasis

139
Q

3 symptoms of heterophyiasis

A

diarrhea
colicky abdominal pain
Fatal myocardial and valvular damage

140
Q

Largest intestinal fluke

A

Fasciolopsis buski

141
Q

thick flesh colored of what prasite?

A

F.buski

142
Q

Vitellaria
○ Branched
○ Lateral to cecum

A

F.buski

143
Q

Has a branched ovary, a vast vitelline follicle that can be
distinguished from other Fasciolids by the lack cephalic cone
or shoulders and unbranched ceca

A

F. buski

144
Q

dendritic and highly branched testes located at the posterior half

A

F.buski

145
Q

OVary is branched and located at the middle of the body

A

F>buski

146
Q

metacercaris to adult how many months for F.buski

A

3 months

147
Q

Flat, leaf-shaped blunt anterior end undulating tandem
dendritic testes and fully developed oral and ventral suckers

A

F. buski

148
Q

Has a branched ovary, a vast vitelline follicle that can be
distinguished from other Fasciolids by the lack cephalic cone
or shoulders and unbranched ceca

A

F.buski

149
Q

Life span of F.buski

A

1 year

150
Q

ova of what parasite? Yellow-brown ellipsoidal thin shell, operculated, filled with
yolk cells

A

F.buski

151
Q

the aborpercular end of this parasite often has roughened or irregular area

A

Fasciola hepatics

152
Q

HEN’s EGG

A

F.buski

153
Q

Unembryonated when laid
● 3-7 weeks to embryonate

A

F.buski

154
Q

habitat of F.buski

A

Small intestine, large intestine, and stomach

155
Q

infective stage of F.buski

A

metacercaria

156
Q

1st IH of F.buski

A

planorbid snails
○ Segmentina
○ Hippeutic
○ Gyraulus

157
Q

2nd IH of F.buski

A

Water plants
○ Water chestnuts
○ Water caltrop
○ Water hyacinth
○ Water bamboo

158
Q

If the feces end up in warm water (27-32 degrees Celsius),
the eggs will become embryonated within 2 weeks.

A

F.buski

159
Q

Rarely, adult flukes are found in the sample

A

F.buski

160
Q

Fasciolopsis buski

in the snail, the parasite wil develop and go through large stages–

A

Sporocyst, rediae, and cercariae

161
Q

F.buski develop into adult within ___ months, and feed on the intestinal contents and live for __ year/s

A

3 months, 1 year

162
Q

For large infestations, they can inhabit most of the
gastrointestinal tract, starting from the stomach.

A

F. buski

163
Q

Light and asymptomatic

A

Fasciolopsiasis

164
Q

Common name of Metagonimus yokogawai

A

yokogawai’s flukes, smallest human flukes

165
Q

Eggs are indistinguishable from Fasciola hepatica

A

F.buski

166
Q

Ascites (Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal
cavity)

A

Fasciolopsiasis

167
Q

Meta: posterior; Gonimus: genitalia; Yokagawai: discoverer
(Dr. Yokogawa)

A

M. yoko

168
Q

Toxemia (presence of toxins in the blood)

A

FASCIOLOPSIASIS

169
Q

Rarely, adult flukes are found in the sample

A

F.buski

170
Q

Most common heterophye trematode in the far east

A

METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI

171
Q

Similar to Heterophyes heterophyes

A

M. yoko

172
Q

Reported from Siberia, the Balkans, and Spain

A

METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI

173
Q

The ventral sucker is
larger than the oral sucker.

A

METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI

174
Q

can be identified by the
position of the ventral sucker and the genital opening which
are fused and displaced for the right of the midline of the
body

A

METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI

175
Q

1st IH of M.yoko

A

Semisulcopsira, Thiara, Hua

176
Q

2nd IH of M.yoko

A

Fresh water salmonoid fishes

177
Q

disease of M.yoko

A

Metagonimiasis

178
Q

Migration of the eggs to extraintestinal sites (heart, brain)

A

M.yoko

179
Q

There is a shortening of the villus length and adhesions
formed between villi.

A

M. yoko

180
Q

Heavy infestations are likely to cause small-bowel
diarrhea

A

METAGONIMIASIS

181
Q

During the first 5 to 15 days after infection, there is a
decrease in the number of goblet cells present in the areas
around the trematodes; this number then returns to normal
levels. Heavy infestations are likely to cause small-bowel
diarrhea

A

M.yoko

182
Q

Specific diagnosis of M.yoko

A

identification of adult fluke

183
Q

= hedgehog in greek

A

echinos

184
Q

mouth in latin; spherical opening

A

stoma

185
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum aka

A

Spinal color fluke

186
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum common name

A

Garrison’s intestinal fluke

187
Q

habitat of E.ilocanum

A

small intestine

188
Q

infective stage of E.ilo

A

Metacercariae

189
Q

Countries in southeast asia,philippines,japan and india.
Several hundred thousand humans are infected, probably
more because symptoms are low graded.

A

ECHINOSTOMA ILOCANUM

190
Q

MOT of E. iloca

A

 Ingestion of metacercia which is insisted in the snail which is
the 2nd IH

191
Q

Worm is tapered at the posterior end

A

E.ilo

192
Q

has 49-51 collar spines

A

E.ilo

193
Q

Testes is deeply bilobed, arranged in tandem on the third
quarter of the body

A

E.ilo

194
Q

Reddish-gray

A

E.ilo

195
Q

Horse-shoe shape collar of spines

A

E.ilo

196
Q

Cuticle: with minute spine-like scales

A

E.ilo

197
Q
A
198
Q

Uterine coils are between the ovary and the ventral sucker

A

E.ilo

199
Q

Vitellaria:
○ small follicles
○ lateral border of posterior 2/3 of worm

A

E.ilo

200
Q

Ova of what parasite Straw-colored with operculum at one end

A

E.ilo

201
Q

ova of what parasite Immature when passed in the feces

A

E.ilo

202
Q

definitive host of E.ilo

A

Humans, dogs, cats, and pigs

203
Q

laboratory diagnosis of E.ilo

A

DFS

204
Q

1st IH of E.ilo

A

water snail

205
Q

2nd IH of E.ilo

A

2nd IH: Fresh water Mollusk (Pila conica)
o Gyraulus convexiusculus (Philippines and Java)
o Hippeutis (Philippines)
o Gyraulus prashadi (India)

206
Q

yellowish brown to dark or golden brown on color

A

Para. W

207
Q

Lobed testes oblique to each other

A

Para.w

208
Q

DISEASE:
● inflammatory reaction
● ulceration at the sites of attachment
● intestinal colic and diarrhea

A

e. ilo

209
Q
A

PARASIT (29 decks)

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