monoecious Flashcards
Monoecious flukes: The eggs are supplied from the ___ gland are
fertilized within the ___
vitelline gland; uterus
what surround the shells?
menis glands
They should be shed in a suitable environment in order to
continue the life-cycle
MONOECIOUS FLUKES
Paragonium westermani common name
oriental lung fluke or lung fluke
distribution of paragonimus westermani
japan, korea, china, nepal, philippines
They are usually resides in pairs in the lungs
Para.w
color of paragonimus westermani
reddish brown
para.w adult active stage shape
spoon shaped
para.w adult preserved state shape?
ova, flattened, coffee-bean shapes
It has a spinous cuticle and suckers that are of
equal size
Para.w
They have 2 large testes in the posterior part of
the body
Para.w
Lobed ovary
○ Anterior to the testes
Para.w
extreme lateral fields
Vitellaria; para.w
Flattened operculum
para,w ova
Immature when oviposited
para.w ova
Immature when laid with a germ cell and many yolk cells
when oviposited
para.w
4 stages of P.westermani
Miracidium
Rediae
Cercaria
Metacercaria
habitat of Para.w
Lung pockets
infective stage of para.w
metacercaria
1st intermediate host of para.w
1st IH: snail of genera:
○ Hua (semisulcospira, Syncera and Thiara,
Pomatiopsis, Pomacea)
○ Brotia asperata (Philippines)
2nd IH of para.w
2nd IH:
○ freshwater crabs
○ Crayfish
Clinical manifestation of this disease is
Chronic bronchitis
Hemoptysis
abdominal and chest pains
Low grade fever, fatigue, and myalgia
Paragoniamiasis
disease of para.w
paragoniamiasis
Dyspnea means?
P, westermani
Shortness of breath or air hunger
use to differentiate paragonimus to P.tb
Antibody detection
What parasite? and disease?
Characterized by dry cough and sputum sample with blood
P. wester
Hemoptysis
Standard test for paragoniamiasis
■ Highly sensitive for the diagnosis and
monitoring chemotherapy
complement fixation
■ Uses crude antigen extract of
Paragonimus westermani
immunoblot assays
specificity of immunoblot assay
> /= 99%
common name of Clonorchis sinensis
CHINESE LIVER FLUKE/ ORIENTAL LIVER FLUK
C.sinensis is found in what country?
Japan
Usually infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts in man.
C.sinensis
tapering anterior rounded posterior
Ventral sucker is smaller than oral sucker
The cuticle is smooth and shiny
Highly branched testes
C.sinensis
In a human host, the adult worms are located in the bile duct
inside the liver. In very severe cases, the worms can also be
found in the gallbladder and pancreatic duct,
C.sinensis
C.sinensis in human host is located in what?
Bile duct inside the liver
in severe cases, the worms of C.sinensis is found in?
Gallbladder and pancreatic ducts
the metacercaria of C.sinensis exist in what part of the body?
duodenum
the immature worms of C.sinensis migrates to the what? via the what
Migrates to the bile duct via the ampulla of vater
first IH of c.sinensis
Freshwater snail
1st IH: operculated snails
❖ Bulimus
❖ Hua
❖ Alocinina
❖ Semisulcospira
❖ Thiara
2nd IH of c.sinensis
Freshwater fish
2nd IH: Freshwater fish
❖ Tingea tingea
❖ Barbus barbus
what ova of a prasite Resembles old-fashioned electric bulb
C.sinensis
ova of what parasite operculum distinctly convex
C.sinensis
ova of what parasite fully embryonated when laid
C.sinensis
habitat of C.sinensis
Bile passages/bile ducts
Infective stage of C.sinensis
Metacercaria
disease of C.sinensis
Clonorchiasis
disease associated with Cholangitis-inflammation of the bile duct
Clonorchiasis
disease? Leukocytosis and eosinophilia: early infection
Clonorchiasis
Disease associated with cholelithiasis-gall stone disease
Clonorchiasis
Disease associated with cholangiocarcinoma- bile duct cancer
Clonorchiasis
diagnosis of clonorchiasis
Eggs in biliary drainage
immunologic tests
liver scans
Eggs of clonorchis is very similar to what
Opistorchis
Cyst of this parasite can be detected via ultrasound, MRI and CT scan
C.sinensis
if there is a presence of adult fluke of C.sinensis what is the treatment
Surgery
Common name of Opistorchis felineus
Cat liver fluke
type of O.felin:
known as Southeast Asian Liver Fluke
Opistorchis viverrini
Found in northeast Thailand, Laos, Cambodia,
Central and Southern Vietnam
O.viverrini
Found in Italy, Germany, Belarus, Russia ,
Kazakhstan and Ukraine
O.felineus
Testes- lobate and oblique in position
O.feline
Both adult and ova resembles Chlonorchis sinensis
O.feline
infective stage of O.feline
Metacercaria
habitat of O.feline
❖ distal ducts and occasionally Pancreatic ducts
1st IH of O.feline
snails (bulimus)
2nd IH of O.feline
Freshwater fishes
disease of O.feline
opistorchiasis
Dyspepsia- symptoms of indigestion wherein there
is discomfort or pain that occurs in the upper
abdomen
Opistorchiasis
Disease: Hepatomegaly- enlargement of liver
opistorchiasis
Acute phase resembling Katayama fever -
Katayama fever is a manifestation of acute
schistosomiasis with the typical features like fever,
urticarial rash, enlarged liver and spleen and
bronchospasms
opistorchiasis
is a manifestation of acute
schistosomiasis with the typical features like fever,
urticarial rash, enlarged liver and spleen and
bronchospasms
Katayama Fever, O.felineus
the adult fluke of O.viver reside in>
Billiary and pancreatic ducts of the mammalian host
Testing the blood for this parasite is not useful for patient
management and no blood test to detect infection is
available
O.feline
More than 1 stool sample may be needed to identify the
eggs .
O.feline
Ova and parasite (O&P) stool examinations for liver fluke
eggs is the only available way to diagnos what?
Opistorchiasis
Common name of Fasciola hepatica
Common liver fluke/sheep liver fluke
Primarily found in domestic and wild ruminants which is their
main definitive host but also are causal agents of Fascioliasis in man where humans consume raw watercress.
F.hepatica
shouldered appearance which is actually the
distinguishing characteristic of the parasite?
Cephalic cone of Fasciola hepatica
Testes: tandem formation and highly branched
F.hep
Vitellaria: branched
Ovary: branched located posterior to uterus and anterior to
testes
Uterus: short and coiled
F.hep
ova of what? Unsegmented stage in the feces
F.hepatica
Large and ellipsoidal
Operculated
Yellowish to light brown
Thin-shelled with distinct operculum
F.hepatica
infective stage of F.hepatica
metacercaria
1st IH of F.hepatica
Water snail (lymnae)
2nd IH of F.hepatica
Watercress
disease of F.hepatica
Liver rot/ fascioliasis
phase of liver rot: Immature fluke found in the liver
Acute phase; F.hepatica
fasciola hepatica Larval migration to the liver
Acute Phase;
where do youn find the abdominal pain in liver rot
Right quadrant
Phase of liver rot: adult fluke foung in bile ducts
Chronic Phase. FAsciola hepatica
Fascioliasis phase where we have to go back to patient’s history
acute phase
where do you find Fasciola hepatica eggs
Duodenal and biliary drainage
fasciola hepatica eggs is morphologicall indistinguishable from?
Fasciolopsis buski
ectopic locations of infection of Fascioliasis
Intestinal wall
Lungs
Subcutaenous tissue
Pharyngeal mucosa
The purpose of this is to rule out pseudo
fascioliasis
antibody detection
It is effective and useful for invasive stages of the
Fascioliasis
antibody detection
The eggs are ellipsoidal
and have a small barely visible operculum at the upper end
F.hepatica
common name of Fasciola gigantica
giant liver fluke
infective stage of F. gigantica
metacercaria
MOT of F.gigantica
➢ Ingestion of watercress
➢ Drinking of water from streams
IH of F.gigantica
1st IH: snail
2nd IH: watercress
Common name of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Lanceolate fluke/ lancet fluke
common parasite of ruminants
D. dendriticum
Human can be accidental or definitive host
D.den
location of adult parasite is in bile ducts of herbivors
D.den
Another species of Dicrocoelium is the ____ which is responsible for human infection in West
Africa.
Dicrocoelium
hospes
Thick shelled and dark-brown
Operculated shell
Fully embryonated when shed in feces
● Dark-brown
● Operculated shel
D. dendriticum
first intermediate host of D.den
1st IH: land snails (genus Helicella, Zebrin spp. and Cionella
spp)
2nd IH of D.den
2nd IH: ants (genus Formica)
mild hepatobilliary involvement
D.dendriticum
definitive host of D.den
herbivores
infective stage of D.den
metacercaria
human infection is rare
D.den
The Dicrocoelium dendriticum has a similar morphology to
Clonorchis sinensis
diagnosis of D.den
Eggs
Feces
bile
Duodenal fluid
Distinguished by the lobe testes in the anterior of the body
as oppose to Clonorchis sinensis whose testes are located
in the posterior
D.den
the anterior of this parasite is distinguished by an oral sucker, acetabulum and testes
D.dendriticum
Parasite?
mid section lies the vitelline gland for egg formation
D.dendriticum
Historical notes: this minute fluke was first found by Bilharz
in 1851 at the autopsy of a native Cairo
HETEROPHYES HETEROPHYES
hetero means?
Phyes means?
Different
Form
Human infectoin of this parasite occurs in asia, egypt, and hawaii
H. hetero
H.hetero The genital pore is situated postero-lateral to the prominent
ventral sucker which is surrounded by a genital sucker which
is called
Gonotyl
It is an elongate, piriform worm, with a broadly rounded
posterior end and a more attenuate anterior end
H.hetero
common name of H.hetero
Dwarf intestinal fluke
Von Seibold fluke
Cuticle is covered with minute scale-like spine
H.hetero
Vitellaria: with large polygonal follicle in the lateral posterior
third of the body
H.hetero
Testes: ovoid and placed side by-side located at the
posterior fifth of the body
H.hetero
o The surface of the worms are covered with minute spines
H.hetero
the testes of this parasite is large and paired and are situated near a small ovary
H.hetero
habitat of H.hetero
Small intestine
genital sucker of H.hetero
Gonotyl
the genital sucker of ____ number around 50-80 looking like ______
H.heterophyes;
Looking like small leafless trees
the genital pore is situated postero laterral to the prominent ventral sucker which is surrounded by a genital sucker
H.hetero
Light brown in color, thickshelled, operculated minute egg
● Operculated
● Fully developed miracidium at oviposition
H.hetero
1st IH of H.hetero
: Brackish water snails
○ Pirenella (Egypt)
○ Cerithidea
habitat of H.hetero
small intestine, upper and middle portion jejunum and duodenum
the ova of this parasite is light brown almost yellow in colot. operculate and the eggs contains the miracidium
H.hetero
The eggs of H.hetero is indistinguishable t those of _____ but resembles ___ and ____
Metagonimus yokogawai
REsembles opistorchis and clonorchis
2nd IH of H.hetero
Fish
○ Mugil cephalus or Mullet
○ Tilapia nilotica
○ Yellow or perch
○ Mugil and Acanthogobius (JAPAN)
H.hetero disease
Heterophyiasis
3 symptoms of heterophyiasis
diarrhea
colicky abdominal pain
Fatal myocardial and valvular damage
Largest intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
thick flesh colored of what prasite?
F.buski
Vitellaria
○ Branched
○ Lateral to cecum
F.buski
Has a branched ovary, a vast vitelline follicle that can be
distinguished from other Fasciolids by the lack cephalic cone
or shoulders and unbranched ceca
F. buski
dendritic and highly branched testes located at the posterior half
F.buski
OVary is branched and located at the middle of the body
F>buski
metacercaris to adult how many months for F.buski
3 months
Flat, leaf-shaped blunt anterior end undulating tandem
dendritic testes and fully developed oral and ventral suckers
F. buski
Has a branched ovary, a vast vitelline follicle that can be
distinguished from other Fasciolids by the lack cephalic cone
or shoulders and unbranched ceca
F.buski
Life span of F.buski
1 year
ova of what parasite? Yellow-brown ellipsoidal thin shell, operculated, filled with
yolk cells
F.buski
the aborpercular end of this parasite often has roughened or irregular area
Fasciola hepatics
HEN’s EGG
F.buski
Unembryonated when laid
● 3-7 weeks to embryonate
F.buski
habitat of F.buski
Small intestine, large intestine, and stomach
infective stage of F.buski
metacercaria
1st IH of F.buski
planorbid snails
○ Segmentina
○ Hippeutic
○ Gyraulus
2nd IH of F.buski
Water plants
○ Water chestnuts
○ Water caltrop
○ Water hyacinth
○ Water bamboo
If the feces end up in warm water (27-32 degrees Celsius),
the eggs will become embryonated within 2 weeks.
F.buski
Rarely, adult flukes are found in the sample
F.buski
Fasciolopsis buski
in the snail, the parasite wil develop and go through large stages–
Sporocyst, rediae, and cercariae
F.buski develop into adult within ___ months, and feed on the intestinal contents and live for __ year/s
3 months, 1 year
For large infestations, they can inhabit most of the
gastrointestinal tract, starting from the stomach.
F. buski
Light and asymptomatic
Fasciolopsiasis
Common name of Metagonimus yokogawai
yokogawai’s flukes, smallest human flukes
Eggs are indistinguishable from Fasciola hepatica
F.buski
Ascites (Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal
cavity)
Fasciolopsiasis
Meta: posterior; Gonimus: genitalia; Yokagawai: discoverer
(Dr. Yokogawa)
M. yoko
Toxemia (presence of toxins in the blood)
FASCIOLOPSIASIS
Rarely, adult flukes are found in the sample
F.buski
Most common heterophye trematode in the far east
METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI
Similar to Heterophyes heterophyes
M. yoko
Reported from Siberia, the Balkans, and Spain
METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI
The ventral sucker is
larger than the oral sucker.
METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI
can be identified by the
position of the ventral sucker and the genital opening which
are fused and displaced for the right of the midline of the
body
METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI
1st IH of M.yoko
Semisulcopsira, Thiara, Hua
2nd IH of M.yoko
Fresh water salmonoid fishes
disease of M.yoko
Metagonimiasis
Migration of the eggs to extraintestinal sites (heart, brain)
M.yoko
There is a shortening of the villus length and adhesions
formed between villi.
M. yoko
Heavy infestations are likely to cause small-bowel
diarrhea
METAGONIMIASIS
During the first 5 to 15 days after infection, there is a
decrease in the number of goblet cells present in the areas
around the trematodes; this number then returns to normal
levels. Heavy infestations are likely to cause small-bowel
diarrhea
M.yoko
Specific diagnosis of M.yoko
identification of adult fluke
= hedgehog in greek
echinos
mouth in latin; spherical opening
stoma
Echinostoma ilocanum aka
Spinal color fluke
Echinostoma ilocanum common name
Garrison’s intestinal fluke
habitat of E.ilocanum
small intestine
infective stage of E.ilo
Metacercariae
Countries in southeast asia,philippines,japan and india.
Several hundred thousand humans are infected, probably
more because symptoms are low graded.
ECHINOSTOMA ILOCANUM
MOT of E. iloca
Ingestion of metacercia which is insisted in the snail which is
the 2nd IH
Worm is tapered at the posterior end
E.ilo
has 49-51 collar spines
E.ilo
Testes is deeply bilobed, arranged in tandem on the third
quarter of the body
E.ilo
Reddish-gray
E.ilo
Horse-shoe shape collar of spines
E.ilo
Cuticle: with minute spine-like scales
E.ilo
Uterine coils are between the ovary and the ventral sucker
E.ilo
Vitellaria:
○ small follicles
○ lateral border of posterior 2/3 of worm
E.ilo
Ova of what parasite Straw-colored with operculum at one end
E.ilo
ova of what parasite Immature when passed in the feces
E.ilo
definitive host of E.ilo
Humans, dogs, cats, and pigs
laboratory diagnosis of E.ilo
DFS
1st IH of E.ilo
water snail
2nd IH of E.ilo
2nd IH: Fresh water Mollusk (Pila conica)
o Gyraulus convexiusculus (Philippines and Java)
o Hippeutis (Philippines)
o Gyraulus prashadi (India)
yellowish brown to dark or golden brown on color
Para. W
Lobed testes oblique to each other
Para.w
DISEASE:
● inflammatory reaction
● ulceration at the sites of attachment
● intestinal colic and diarrhea
e. ilo
