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PARASIT > Hemoflagellates > Flashcards

Hemoflagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Four stages of development

A

Leishmania
Leptomonad
Crithidia
Trypanosome

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2
Q

A.k.a. Amastigote stage

A

LEISHMANIA

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3
Q

Promastigote stage

A

LEPTOMONAD

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4
Q

Inner portion of the flagellum that is actually extend from the blepharoplast to the surface of the body

A

Axoneme

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5
Q

Epimastigote stage

A

CRITHIDIA

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6
Q

● Trypanomastigote stage

A

TRYPANOSOME

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7
Q

Stage: Reduce d when it
comes to size and does not have any flagellu m

A

Amastigote

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8
Q

Common name of amastigote

A

Leishmania form

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9
Q

Stage: The flagellum is anterior place and away from the cell body

A

Promastigote

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10
Q

Promastigote common name

A

Leptomonad form

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11
Q

stage: nucleus
is almost
centrally
located;
located
in the
anterior
part of
the
parasite

A

Epimastigote

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12
Q

common name of epimastigote

A

Crithidial form

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13
Q

Stage: Connected with
short angionating
membrane

A

Epimastigote

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14
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE disease

A

West african sleeping sickness (97%)
mild african sleeping sickness
gambian trypanosomiasis

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15
Q

Stage: Flagella in the center of organism

A

Epimastigote

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16
Q

stage: Connected with
long angionating
membrane

A

Trypomastigote

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17
Q

stage: Flagella originates at posterior end
of the organism

A

Trypomastigote

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18
Q

Trypomastigote common name

A

Trypanoso
mal form

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19
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE DISEASE

A

East african sleeping sickness

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20
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

A

Central and West Africa

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21
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT ANIMAL/RESERVOIr

A

Domestic Cattles

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22
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE main reservoir

A

● Human
● They can also be found in animals including the primates

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23
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE
VECTOR

A

Glossina Species (Tsetse fly)
Glossina palpalis
GLossina morsitans

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24
Q

T.cruzi disease

A

Chaga’s disease
American Trypanosomiasis

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25
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE VECTOR

A

Glossina Species (Tsetse fly)
Glossina palpalis
Glossina tachinoides

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26
Q

T.cruzi vector

A

Kissing bug or Assassin bug
Tritoma or Reduviidae

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27
Q

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

A

East and South Africa

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28
Q

alternatively known as sleepiness or
drowsiness; state of a strong desire to sleep or sleeping for
unusually long periods of time.

A

Somnolence-

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29
Q

chaga diseas discoverer

A

Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano Chagas

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30
Q

Disease Named from the Brazilian physician and researcher
who discovered chaga’s disease on 1609

A

Chaga’s disease

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31
Q

● Cyclical fever with a seeming remission
● Fever-free interval of at least two weeks

A

EPISODIC FEVER- RECURRENT FEVER

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32
Q

● Disease of the lymph nodes in which there are abnormal size
or consistency
● Lymphadenopathy of inflammatory types specifically, the
most common type is lymphadenitis producing swelling or
enlarged lymph nodes.

A

LYMPHADENOPATHY/ ADENOPATHY

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33
Q

enlargement of the posterior cervical
lymph nodes.

A

Winterbottom ‘s sign-

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34
Q

GAMBIAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS ● Systemic phase:

A

episodic (lasting from 1-6 days followed by
an asymptomatic period lasting several weeks)

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35
Q

earliest sign of Gambian Trypanosomiasis
● Characterized by hard painful lesion at the site of insect bite

A

CHANCRE

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36
Q

GAMBIAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS
● Incubation period:

A

14 days

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37
Q

vector of T.cruzi

A

Triatomid Bug
Kissing bug
Assassin bug

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38
Q

T.cruzi main habitat

A

Reticuloendothelial cells
Central nervous System

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39
Q

Gambian trypanosomiasis CNS symptomes:

A

Takes years to develop

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40
Q

Rhodesian trypanosomiasis CNS manifestations

A

develop 3-6 months

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41
Q

Usually appear 48 hours after the tsetse bite

A

TRYPANOSOMAL CHANCRE

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42
Q

changes around the eyes usually
characterized by swelling

A

ROMANAS SIGN
● Periorbital changes-

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43
Q

usually start at the end of the first year or beginning of the
second year

A

CHRONIC SLEEPING SICKNESS

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44
Q

itchy, painful inflammatory reaction at the site of the insect bite
● The chancre is actually uninjured (hardened) red or purple
nodule
● The nodule would usually measure 2-5 cm in diameter which
is accompanied by enlarge lymphs

A

TRYPANOSOMAL CHANCRE

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45
Q

Begins with local lesion (chagoma)
● Marked local edema within the region of the eye or within the
conjunctival sac

A

ROMANAS SIGN

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46
Q

usually seen in the early phase of African
trypanosomiasis specifically Trypanosoma brucei
rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Winterbottom’s sign

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47
Q

○ CNS invasion
○ Increased metal dullness & opathy
○ Tremors, hyperesthesia (abnormal increase
sensitivity to stimuli of any of the senses),
somnolence

A

CHRONIC SLEEPING SICKNESS

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48
Q
  • commonly known as African
    sleeping sickness
A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

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49
Q

inflammation of the mesenteric lymph
nodes or glands found in the abdomen

A

Adenitis- PATHOLOGY: CHAGA’S DISEASE

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50
Q

slightly painful reddish nodule at the site of
inoculation of the reduviid bug. This bug transmits the chaga’s
disease.(initial lesion)

A

Chagoma PATHOLOGY: CHAGA’S DISEASE

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51
Q

he esophagus and the
colon will already be involved in chronic cases

A

Esophagial or colonic involvement PATHOLOGY: CHAGA’S DISEASE

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52
Q

disease of the heart muscle that makes it
harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. It
can lead to heart failure.

A

Cardiomyopathy- PATHOLOGY: CHAGA’S DISEASE

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53
Q

Pre-orbital soft tissue and lymphoid swelling that
occurs when T. cruzi causes chaga’s disease
enters the conjunctiva of the eye.

A

Romanas sign

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54
Q

vector of T.cruzi

A

Reduviid bug

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55
Q

host of T.cruzi

A

Dasypus novencinctus
Opossums (Dildelphis species

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56
Q

unilateral conjunctivitis and orbital edema (if
portal of entry is the upper face or eye)

A

Romanas sign PATHOLOGY: CHAGA’S DISEAS

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57
Q

This is breeding of a clean bugs in
laboratories then after 2-3 weeks, their guts will be dissected
to determine the metacyclic trypanosomes.

A

Xenodiagnosis

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58
Q
  • There is an abnormal increase in the
    amount of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Thus,
    lumbar tap is used for CSF then observed under the
    microscope if there is an increase amount of lymphocytes in
    CSF. It also measures increased protein content.
A

Lymphatic pleocytosis

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59
Q

L. braz disease

A

Espundia or MCL, Chiclero’s ulcer or New World
cutaneous leishmaniasis

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60
Q

L.trop vector

A

Phlebotomus spp. (sandfly)
P.papatasii
P.sargenti

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61
Q

LEISHMANIA TROPICA disease

A

Oriental sore or Old World Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis

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62
Q

L.bra: In the mid cut of the sandfly the amastigote would develop to
___ which would replicate profusely. These are
internally transmitted to the skin of the person bitten by the
sandfly

A

promastigote

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63
Q

L.bra vector

A

Phlebotomus spp. (sandfly)

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64
Q

nvolves the liver, spleen, and the bone marrow

A

VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS

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65
Q

They are usually ingested by sandflies and these sandflies
usually feed near the skin lesions

A

LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS

66
Q

The morphology and life cycle of Leishmania tropica
resembles that of

A

Leishmania donovani

67
Q

L bra: The ____ are present in the skin within large
mononuclear cells inside the neutrophils inside capillary
endothelial cells and also free in the tissues

A

Amastigote

68
Q

is the most severe and fatal of Leishmaniasis

69
Q

causative agen of visceral leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani

70
Q

nvolves the skin at the site of the sandfly or site of the sandfly
bite specifically caused by Leishmania tropica , Leishmania
mexicana, and Leishmania major

A

CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS

71
Q

deepening skin pigmentation:

A

: Kala azar or balck sickness

72
Q

LEISHMANIA DONOVANI
 Disease

A

Kala-azar (dumdum fever) or VLM (Visceral
Leishmaniasis

73
Q

Involves mucus membrane of the mouth and the nose

A

MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS

74
Q

CAUSATIVE AGENT: MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS

A

Leishmania braziliensis

75
Q

vector of L.dovo

A

Phlebotomus spp. (sandfly)

76
Q

black spots or skin hemorrhages, its presence is due
to thrombocytopenia which is a condition having a low blood
platelet

A

Purpura LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

77
Q

In India, where the domestic sandfly vector Phlebotomus
argentipes’’ usually solely on humans and people appear to
be a rare only reservoir

A

LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

78
Q

Associated with poor nutrition desperate poverty

A

LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

79
Q

The lesions typically evolve to papules to nodular
plaques and even up to ulcerative lesions a raised
borders and central depression which actually covered in scabs some lesions can even persists
as nodules

A

LEISHMANIA TROPICA

80
Q

In general Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions
which can persist for months and sometimes even years after
the exposure but occasionally first appear years later for
example the context of trauma, immunosuppression or if the
patient is immunocompromised

A

LEISHMANIA TROPICA

81
Q

Early Lesion of Espundia

A

LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS

83
Q

Other term of Espundia:

A

Mucosal leishmaniasis

84
Q

NOVY-NICOLLE-MACNEAL (NNN) Incubation at

A

28 deg cel
for 1-4 weeks

85
Q

Refers to a metastatic sequelae of the new world cutaneous
infection which results from dissemination or the spread of
parasites from the skin to the naso oropharyngeal mucosa

A

LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS

86
Q

Deformity and severe case affecting the nasopharyngeal area

A

LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS

87
Q

NNN medium

A

Schneider`s insect culture medium

88
Q

Supplemented by the addition of 30% heat
inactivated fetal bovine serum plus penicillin and
100 um streptomycin, final concentration is per ml

89
Q

Shown to be simple to use in diagnosis and
management of visceral leishmaniasis, it is
specially valuable because small lumbers of
parasites can be detected using the schneiders
insect medium during the treatment

90
Q

Isolate Leishmania Donovani specifically the promastigote

91
Q

Tool determining the degree of exposure and
immunity to the parasite

A

LEISHMANIN (MONTENEGRO) TEST

92
Q

TEST: Inactive visceral leishmaniasis the test is always
almost negative and a positive result usually
appears 2-24 months after clinical recovery

A

LEISHMANIN (MONTENEGRO) TEST

93
Q

This test has no rule in the diagnosis when it
comes to acute disease

A

LEISHMANIN (MONTENEGRO) TEST

94
Q

There is a intradermal injection of antigen or
cultured promastigotes

A

LEISHMANIN (MONTENEGRO) TEST
 Tool determining the deg

95
Q

A diagnostic test where a small tube-shaped piece of skin and
some other tissue underneath are removed using a sharp
cutting tool
 Done anywhere on the body but usually the preferred site is
the arm because it is fleshy
 The tissue is then examined under a microscope
 For Cutaneous Leishmaniasi

A

PUNCH BIOPSY

96
Q

Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

SPLENIC PUNCTURE

97
Q

The method of choice for staging Trypanosoma
brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei
rhodesiense when it comes to the assessment of
neurological infection

A

ILIAC CREST PUNCTURE OF THE BONE MARROW

98
Q

Performed by microscopic examination of the CSF
that is collected by lumbar puncture on a we preparation looking for motile trypomastigote and
white blood cell

A

ILIAC CREST PUNCTURE OF THE BONE MARROW

99
Q

Large amount of IgG: Kala-azar patient
 Albumin/globulin ratio is reversed

A

FORMO-GEL TEST

100
Q

has long been
considered a procedure which might be helpful in differential
diagnosis of splenomegaly in cases of Visceral leishmaniasis
 However, it is difficult to perform and there may be
complications in the performance of

A

SPLENIC PUNCTURE

101
Q

. Not
100% safe

A

SPLENIC PUNCTURE

102
Q

 Detect the greatly increased serum proteins in visceral
leishmaniasis

A

FORMO-GEL TES

103
Q

This indicates a high protein proportion of globulins

A

FORMO-GEL TEST

104
Q

Addition of 1 drop of 30% formalin in 1 mL serum with rapid
and complete coagulation indicating a positive reaction
 There is the formation of gel after 20 minutes standing at room
temperature

A

FORMO-GEL TEST

105
Q
  1. DIRECT EVIDENCE
A

i. Microscopy
ii. Culture

106
Q
  1. INDIRECT EVIDENCES
A

i. Non-specific test
ii. Animal inoculation - like xenodiagnosis
iii. Leishmania skin or montenegro test
iv. Detection of antigen
v. detection of antibody
vi. Blood picture - peripheral blood smear as basis or
reference

107
Q

MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION Presence of kinetoplasts would distinguish

A

Toxoplasma
gondii and Microsporum capsula.

108
Q

Aspirates ARE FIXED IN

A

methanol and stained with Giemsa

109
Q

medium for monophasic media

A

Schneider’s Drosophila medium
o Grace’s insect medium

(Both mediums are insect medium)

110
Q

medium for state only

A
  1. MONOPHASIC MEDIA
111
Q

medium; Usually contain a medium both solid and liquid state in a
single bottle

A
  1. BIPHASIC MEDIUM
112
Q

medium: Uses mainly for minimizing contamination and spread of
infection

A

BIPHASIC MEDIUM

113
Q

One ml of patient’s serum is mixed with a drop of 40%
formaldehyde, shaken and kept at room temperature

A

NAPIER’S ALDEHYDE TEST (FORMOL GEL TEST)

114
Q

biphasic mediums ?

A

o Novy MacNeal Nicolle (NNN) medium
o Brain Heart Infusion agar medium

(Specialized medium with special component)

115
Q

Positive reaction: gellification and opacification of the test
serum

A

NAPIER’S ALDEHYDE TEST (FORMOL GEL TEST)

116
Q

This is an obsolete clinical test of uncertain diagnostic
validity/value

A

CHOPRA’S ANTIMONY TEST

117
Q

Patients with disease of 3-4 months or more give positive
reaction

A

)
NAPIER’S ALDEHYDE TEST (FORMOL GEL TEST)

118
Q

CHOPRA’S ANTIMONY TEST Positive test

A

Formation of profuse flocculant precipitate

119
Q

Material from patient is injected intraperitoneally in hamster or
mice and later parasite is recovered from the animal.
 Sometimes it has ethical issues because of the use of the
mice

A

ANIMAL INOCULATION

120
Q

To 1-2ml of patient serum in test tube, few drops of 4% urea
stibamine solution is added
 4% antimony solution is added to dilute serum from patients
with visceral leishmaniasis or other forms of splenomegaly

A

CHOPRA’S ANTIMONY TEST

121
Q

Very sensitive method but takes long time

A

ANIMAL INOCULATION

122
Q

test Negative in kalaazar

A

LEISHMANIA SKIN OR MONTENEGRO TEST

123
Q

This is a skin test for Montenegro test

A

LEISHMANIA SKIN OR MONTENEGRO TEST

124
Q

Positive result is indicated by induration and erythema of 5mm
or more after 48-72 hours

A

LEISHMANIA SKIN OR MONTENEGRO TEST

125
Q

 Condition in which there is a lower number of RBC, WBC and
platelets in the body (meaning low RBC, WBC and platelet
count)
 This would usually occur when there is a problem with the
blood forming stem cells in the bone marrow
 In cases of leishmaniasis, this is differently alters
erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and the spleen, causing
low blood counts

A

PANCYTOPENIA
 Condition i

126
Q

LEISHMANIA SKIN OR MONTENEGRO TEST: stage of development that is used for
intradermal injection

A

Promastigote Stage

127
Q

in leishmaniasis ESR is elevated or decreased

128
Q

Although specific life cycle may vary, all the organisms in
these two genera ___ and ___ involves
some combination of the 4 morphologic forms

A

(Trypanosomes and Leishmania)

129
Q

It has a 2 contractile vacuole

A

BALANTIDIUM COLI

130
Q

primary
diagnostic For leishmania,

A

it is the amastigote

131
Q

So, the transmission of all hemoflagellates is via the bite of
the

A

arthropod vector (either the sunfly, red feed bug or tsetse
fly)

132
Q

primary
diagnostic For trypanosome

A

, it is the trypomastigote

■ With the exception of the Trypanosoma
Cruzi where amastigotes are usually
found

133
Q

vector: Phlebotomus
papatasii
Phlebotomus
sergenti

A

Leishmania tropica

134
Q

Habitat : Endothelial cells of
the infected skin
capillaries and
within the
cytoplasm of large
phagocytic
monocytes

A

Leishmania tropica

135
Q

habitat: Endothelial cells of the
reticuloendothelial
system: liver, spleen,
bone marrow, and
visceral lymph nodes
and fixed tissue
macrophage

A

Leishmania donovani

136
Q

habitat: Mucocutaneous
junctions, particularly the
nasal septum, mouth,
and pharynx

A

Leishmania braziliensis

137
Q

Vecctor: Phlebotomus
argentipes

A

Leishmania donovani

138
Q

Laboratory
diagnosis
: Skin scrapings
(Wright’s or
Giemsa stain)
▪ Impression
smears or tissue
sections
prepared from
active lesions;
biopsies should
be obtained
from elevated,
inflamed
margins of the
lesion

A

Leishmania tropica

139
Q

vectore: Phlebotomus peruensis
Phlebotomus verrucarum

A

Leishmania braziliensis

140
Q

lab diag: ▪ Puncture of the
ulcerated part
▪ Demonstration of the
parasite from smears
prepared from lesion
scrapings (particularly
in the edge)

A

Leishmania braziliensis

141
Q

Pathology: Localized
cutaneous
infection which
gives rise to a
macule, then a
papule, a raised
lesion with
depressed
ulcerated center

A

Leishmania tropica

142
Q

pathology: Splenomegaly
associated with
severe anemia

A

Leishmania donovani

143
Q

Disease: Visceral leishmaniasis,
Kala-azar fever, Dumdum fever, Death
fever, tropical
splenomegaly

A

Leishmania donovani

144
Q

pathology: Primary lesion is similar to
that of Leishmania
tropica except the ulcer
produced is a weeping
lesion without a granular
base

A

Leishmania braziliensis

145
Q

Infective stage of all Leishmania spp

A

Promastigotes
(released via bite
of a sand fly

146
Q

Genus Trypanosoma:
Exists in two forms

A

✓ Epimastigote
✓ Trypomastigote

147
Q

Clinical disease: Old world
cutaneous
leishmaniasis,
locally known as
Oriental sore, Delhi
boil, Aleppo
button, Forest yaws
Baghdad or Jericho
boil

148
Q

lab diag: ▪ Blood smear
▪ Lymph node
aspirate
▪ Bone marrow
puncture

A

Leishmania donovan

149
Q

disease: american or
Mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis, Espundia,
Uta, Chiclero ulcer,
Nasopharyngeal
leishmaniasis, New world
cutaneous leishmaniasis

151
Q

manifestations: ▪ Monocytosis and
neutropenia with
granulocytopenia
▪ Infection of the
bone marrow
▪ Headache
▪ Undulant fever
▪ Hepatosplenomeg
aly
▪ Black fever

152
Q

Coma state develops, commonly known as

A

sleeping sickness”; Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiens

154
Q

Characterized by an acute phase in which peripheral blood and lymph
nodes are invaded, followed by a chronic phase in which the central
nervous system is invaded, resulting in meningoencephalitis

A

A. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

PARASIT (29 decks)

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