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Y1 Principles > Tissue Injury > Flashcards

Tissue Injury Flashcards

1
Q

what cellular adaptation may occur in response to increased demand?

A

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

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2
Q

what cellular adaptation may occur in response to decreased stimulus?

A

atrophy

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3
Q

what cellular adaptation may occur in response to altered stimulus?

A

metaplasia

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4
Q

what is hypertophy?

A

cells get bigger

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5
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

cells increase in number

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6
Q

what two ways can we adapt by growth?

A

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

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7
Q

what are the three categories of growth receptors?

A

receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors

receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

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8
Q

what are the four main stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M

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9
Q

what controls the steps of the cell cycle?

A

cyclin dependant kinases (CDKs)

they activate each other and other enzymes in a step wise fashion

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10
Q

what activates each CDK?

A

a specific cyclin molecule

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11
Q

name four cyclins in the order in which they are predominant in the cell cycle

A

D E A B

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12
Q

what is G1?

A

the first growth step

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13
Q

what happens during G1?

A

the cell gets bigger with increased protein synthesis

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14
Q

what CDK is activated in G1 and what activates it?

A

CDK4

activated by cyclin D

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15
Q

what does CDK4 do during G1?

A

phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein

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16
Q

what is the S phase?

A

synthesis phase

17
Q

what initiates DNA replication in the S phase and what else does this do?

A

E2F

increases levels of cyclin A

18
Q

what CDK is activated in the S phase and what activates it?

A

CDK2

activated by cyclin A

19
Q

what should the cell have by the end of the S phase?

A

two copies of its genome

20
Q

what is G2?

A

the second growth phase

21
Q

what occurs in G2?

A

the cell gets bigger

more protein synthesis

22
Q

where is the main checkpoint of the cell cycle found?

A

at the end of G2

23
Q

what is the main checkpoint protein of the cell cycle?

A

p53

24
Q

what is retinoblastoma (Rb) normally bound to?

A

E2F

25
Q

what does E2F do?

A

starts cell division, only when Rb is bound

26
Q

what happens when Rb is phosphorylated by CDK4?

A

it can’t bind to E2F

E2F starts cell division

27
Q

what does p53 do at the checkpoint?

A

checks the cell for any mistakes

28
Q

what happens if p53 finds a mistake in the cell?

A

cell cycle is paused

repair is attempted

29
Q

what happens if cell repair is unsuccessul?

A

the cell undergoes apoptosis

30
Q

name a cell that cannot divide

A

neurons

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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