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Y1 Principles > Physiology: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Physiology: Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal range for pulse?

A

60-100 BPM

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2
Q

what is the normal range for resting respiratory rate?

A

12-20 breaths/min

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3
Q

what is a normal capillary refil time?

A

less than two seconds

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4
Q

what is a normal oxygen saturation?

A

over 95%

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5
Q

what is average core body temperature?

A

37.8

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6
Q

what is core body temperature?

A

the temperature of structures deep within the body

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7
Q

what is normothermia?

A

normal core body temperature

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8
Q

why is normal core body temperature 37 degrees?

A

this is the optimum temperature for cellular metabolism and function

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9
Q

what effect does increasing body temperature have on metabolism?

A

speeds it up

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10
Q

what can overheating cause?

A

denaturation of proteins
nerve malfunctions
death

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11
Q

what effect can decreased body temperature have on metabolism?

A

can be fatally slowed down

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12
Q

what are the three possible sites for monitoring body temperature?

A

ear drum
rectal
oral

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13
Q

what does tympanic temperature mean?

A

temperature in the ear drum

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14
Q

when is rectal temperature measurement done?

A

at extremes of body temperature

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15
Q

why isnt the mouth a good place to measure body temperature?

A

the temperature of the mouth is affected by the consumption of food and drinks

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16
Q

when is body temperature at its lowest?

A

very early in the morning

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17
Q

what must be balanced for the body to have a constant core temperature?

A

heat gain and heat loos

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18
Q

what causes heat gain from the internal environment?

A

metabolc heat

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19
Q

how is metabolic heat produced?

A

via oxidation of metabolic fuel derived from food

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20
Q

what can increase metabolic heat?

A

increasing muscle activity

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21
Q

what three ways can heat be gained from the external environment?

A

radiation
convection
conduction

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22
Q

what are the four methods of heat loss to the external environment?

A

convection
conduction
radiation
evaporation

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23
Q

what is radiation?

A

the emission of heat energy in the form of EM waves from a surface

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24
Q

how can heat be gained and lost by radiation?

A

the body can absorb and emit radiant heat

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25
Q

how much heat is lost by radiation?

A

half

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26
Q

what is conduction?

A

transfer of heat between objects in contact

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27
Q

what direction does heat move in via conduction?

A

from the warm object to the cold object

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28
Q

what is convection?

A

the transfer of heat energy by air/water currents that carry the heat away from the body

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29
Q

what does convection combine with to move heat away from the body?

A

conduction

30
Q

describe how convection and conduction work to cause heat loss?

A

air beside the skin is warmed by conduction, and is moved away by convection

31
Q

what increases the effect of convection?

A

forced air movement across a surface

32
Q

what decreases the effect of convection?

A

tight, air trapping clothes

33
Q

what mechanism maintains the bodies core temperature?

A

a homeostatic negative feedback system

34
Q

what are the sensors for maintaining core temperatture?

A

central and peripheral thermoceptors

35
Q

where are central thermoreceptors found?

A

hypothalamus

organs

36
Q

where are peripheral thermoreceptors found?

A

the skin

37
Q

what is the control centre for maintaining core temperature?

A

the hypothalamus

38
Q

what are the effectors for maintaining core temperature?

A

skeletal muscles
skin arterioles
sweat glands

39
Q

what acts as the body’s thermostat and what does this mean?

A

the hypothalamus

maintains the temperature at a set point

40
Q

what part of the hypothalamus is activated by cold?

A

posterior hypothalamic centre

41
Q

what part of the hypothalamus is activated by heat?

A

the anterior hypothalamic centre

42
Q

what do skin arterioles do in response to cold?

A

vasoconstrict to reduce blood flow to the skin and conserve heat

43
Q

what do skeletal muscles do in response to cold?

A

shiver and move more to produce more heat

44
Q

what do skin arterioles do in response to heat?

A

vasodilate to increase blood flow to the skin and increase heat loss

45
Q

what do sweat glands do in response to heat?

A

sweat so this can evaporate and increase heat loss

46
Q

what do skeletal muscles do in response to heat?

A

decrease tone and movement to decrease heat production

47
Q

what happens to the hypothalamic temperature set point in fever?

A

it becomes raised

48
Q

what do chemicals released from macrophages in response to inflammation act as in fever?

A

endogenous pyrogens

49
Q

what do endogenous pyrogens do in fever?

A

stimulate release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

50
Q

what do prostaglandins do in fever?

A

act on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre to reset body temperature at a higher value

51
Q

when is the hypothalamic set point returned to normal in fever?

A

when there is no pyrogens or prostaglandins being made

52
Q

what temperature is considered to be a fever?

A

38-40C

53
Q

what is hyperthermia?

A

temperature over 40

54
Q

what is hypothermia?

A

temperature under 35

55
Q

what does a group of cells make?

A

a tissue

56
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with similar structure and specialised function

57
Q

what do our bodies need to do to remain healthy?

A

maintain tightly regulated optimum physiological conditions

58
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of steady states within our bodies by coordinated physiological mechanisms

59
Q

what are the two types of homeostatic controls?

A

intrinsic controls

extrinsic controls

60
Q

what are intrinsic controls?

A

local controls that are inherent in an organ

61
Q

what are extrinsic controls?

A

regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ

62
Q

what two systems play a role in extrinsic controls?

A

nervous and endocrine

63
Q

what are the two types of control systems?

A

feedforward

feedback

64
Q

what is a feedforward system?

A

one where responses are made in anticipation of a change

65
Q

what is a feedback system?

A

one where a response is made after a change has been detected?

66
Q

what are the two types of feedback systems?

A

positive and negative

67
Q

what does a positive feedback system do?

A

amplifies an initial change

68
Q

what does a negative feedback system do?

A

opposes an initial change

69
Q

what is the main type of homeostatic control in the body?

A

negative feedback systems

70
Q

what are the three components of a negative feedback system?

A

sensors, a control centre and effectors

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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