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Y1 Principles > Blood Vessels and Blood > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three layers of a blood vessel from inside to outside?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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2
Q

what is the tunica intima made of?

A

single layer of endothelial cells

supported by a basal lamina and a later of connective tissue

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3
Q

what is the tunica media made of?

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

what is the tunica adventitia made of?

A

supporting connective tissue

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5
Q

what separates the tunica intimacy from the tunica media?

A

the internal elastic membrane

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6
Q

what separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?

A

the external elastic membrane

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7
Q

what is the vascular supply to the walls of large arteries called?

A

vasa vasorum

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8
Q

why do large arteries need the vasa vasorum?

A

only the inner part of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen

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9
Q

what happens to the wall of the vessel as an artery becomes an arteriole?

A

loose smooth muscle - tunica media only one or two layers thick

lose the adventitiaa

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10
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

endothelial cells on a basal lamina

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11
Q

what are the three types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous/sinusoidal

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12
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A

muscle
nerves
lungs
skin

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13
Q

describe the structure of a fenestrated capillary

A

small pores in the wall

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14
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

gut mucosa
endocrine glands
kidneys

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15
Q

describe the structure of discontinuous capillaries

A

have large gaps in their walls

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16
Q

where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

liver
spleen
bone marrow

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17
Q

where is the vast majority of blood found?

A

the peripheral veins

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18
Q

what are the two main parts of blood?

A

formed elements

plasma

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19
Q

what are the three formed elements of blood?

A

red cells
white cells
platelets

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20
Q

what are the two groups of white cells?

A

granulocytes

granulocytes

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21
Q

name the three granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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22
Q

name the two agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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23
Q

what three things make up plasma?

A

water
proteins
nutrients and salts

24
Q

how can blood be separated into its components?

A

centrifuge

blood at the bottom, then white cells then plasma

25
Q

what is serum?

A

blood when clotting factors have been removed

26
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

27
Q

describe the structure of erythrocytes

A

biconcave discs

no nucleus or organelles

28
Q

what do erythrocytes contain?

A

haemoglobin

29
Q

how long do erythrocytes last in circulation?

A

four months

30
Q

how are aged erythrocytes removed from circulation?

A

by the spleen and liver

31
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

32
Q

what is the most common leukocyte?

A

neutrophils

33
Q

describe the structure of neutrophils

A

cytoplasm contain granules

prominent, multi lobed nucleus

34
Q

what colour do eosinophils stain and why?

A

red

granules have an affinity for acidic eosin

35
Q

describe the structure of eosinophils

A

bilobed nucleus

granules

36
Q

what are eosinophils important for?

A

inflammation

parasitic infections

37
Q

what is the rarest granulocyte?

A

basophils

38
Q

what colour do basophils stain and why?

A

blue/purple

granules have an affinity for basic methylene blue

39
Q

describe the structure of basophils

A

bilobed nucleus, often obscured by granules

40
Q

what do basophils granules contain?

A

histamine
heparin
other inflammatory markers

41
Q

what do basophils do?

A

act as effector cells in allergic reactions

42
Q

describe the structure of lymphocytes

A

round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm containing no granules

43
Q

what are the two classes of lymphocytes?

A

T and B

44
Q

where do lymphocytes arise?

A

bone marrow

45
Q

what do monocytes serve as precursors for?

A

tissue macrophages

46
Q

where are monocytes particularly located?

A

loose connective tissue

47
Q

what is the largest blood cell?

A

monocytes

48
Q

describe the structure of monocytes

A

lysosomal granules

kidney bean shaped nucleus

49
Q

what are monocytes called in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

50
Q

what are monocytes called in the brain?

A

microglia

51
Q

what are monocytes called in the skin?

A

langerhan’s cells

52
Q

what blood cells play a key role in haemostats?

A

platelets

53
Q

what is the earliest site for erythrocyte formation and when does this occur?

A

yolk sac

around three weeks gestation

54
Q

where is the primary site of blood formation in the second trimester?

A

the liver

55
Q

what is the main site of blood formation at birth?

A

bone marrow

56
Q

what bones retain haemopoiesis by the time the skeleton matures?

A 
vertebrae 
ribs 
skull 
pelvis 
proximal femurs

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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