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Y1 Principles > DNA to Proteins > Flashcards

DNA to Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

how is DNA to converted to RNA?

A

by transcription

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2
Q

how is RNA converted to protein?

A

by translation

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3
Q

what sugar is found in RNA?

A

ribose

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4
Q

what sugar is found in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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5
Q

what makes up a nucleoside?

A

base + sugar

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6
Q

what makes up a nucleotide?

A

nucleoside (base + sugar) + phosphate group

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7
Q

what are the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine

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8
Q

what are the four bases in RNA?

A

A C G Uracil

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9
Q

what is the nucleoside containing adenine called?

A

adenosine

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10
Q

what is the nucleoside containing cytosine called?

A

cytidine

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11
Q

what is the nucleoside containing guanine?

A

guanosine

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12
Q

what is the nucleoside containing thymine called?

A

thymidine

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13
Q

what is the nucleoside containing uracil called?

A

uridine

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14
Q

what are the four building blocks of DNA?

A

dATP
dCTP
dGTP
dTTP

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15
Q

what are the four building blocks of RNA?

A

ATP
CTP
GTP
UTP

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16
Q

where does a phosphodiester bond form in DNA?

A

between a free 3’ OH group and a 5’ triphosphate

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17
Q

what does polymerisation of two nucleotides in DNA require?

A

two high energy bonds

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18
Q

where are new nucleotides added in a growing strand of DNA?

A

the free 3’ end

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19
Q

name a drug that is a nucleotide analogue

A

retrovir

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20
Q

which nucleotide is retrovir an analogue of?

A

thymidine

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21
Q

where is retrovir incorporated into when taken?

A

growing viral DNA

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22
Q

how does retrovir inhibit viral growth?

A

it lacks a 3’ OH growth so terminates chain elongation of the viral DNA

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23
Q

how does retrovir target only viral DNA and not human?

A

retrovir has a higher affinity for viral reverse transcriptase than it does for human DNA polymerases

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24
Q

what connects nucleotides in the same strand along the outside?

A

the sugar phosphate backbone

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25
Q

what bond forms between base pairs on complementary DNA strands?

A

hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

what are the complementary DNA base pairs?

A

A to T

C to G

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27
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between A and T nucleotides?

A

two

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28
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between C and G nucleotides?

A

three

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29
Q

how can the replication of DNA be described?

A

semi conservative

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30
Q

what unwinds DNA?

A

helicase

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31
Q

what enzyme catalyses DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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32
Q

why does DNA have to be replicated before cell division?

A

to ensure daughter cells have a complete copy of the genome

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33
Q

what is required for DNA polymerase to begin replication and why?

A

an RNA primer as it can only add nucleotides to existing nucleotides

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34
Q

how is eukaryotic DNA replication bidirectional?

A

genomes have many origins of replication allowing it to begin simultaneously at several points

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35
Q

which strand of DNA is replicated continuously and why?

A

the leading strand

it always has a free 3’ strand

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36
Q

which strand of DNA is replicated discontinuously?

A

the lagging strand

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37
Q

what are the short segments replicated in the lagging strand called?

A

okazaki fragments

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38
Q

what enzyme synthesises the RNA primer needed for DNA synthesis?

A

primase

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39
Q

what enzyme looks for DNA damage and repairs it following replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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40
Q

what type of activity does DNA polymerase have that allows it to detect and repair DNA damage?

A

3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

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41
Q

what is RNA?

A

ribonucleic acid

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42
Q

how many strands does RNA have?

A

one

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43
Q

what is a stem loop in RNA?

A

a local stretch of intramolecular base pairing

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44
Q

what are the three main classes of RNA?

A

rRNA
tRNA
mRNA

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45
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA

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46
Q

what is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA

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47
Q

what is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA

48
Q

what is the function of rRNA?

A

combines with proteins to form ribosomes where protein synthesis takes place

49
Q

what is the function of tRNA?

A

carries amino acids to be incorporated into the protein

50
Q

what is the function of mRNA?

A

carries the genetic information for protein synthesis

51
Q

what base is different in RNA compared to DNA?

A

contains U instead of T

52
Q

what enzyme makes RNA?

A

RNA polymerases

53
Q

how many types of RNA polymerase does a prokaryotic cell have?

A

one

54
Q

how many types of RNA polymerase does a eukaryotic cell have?

A

three

55
Q

what are the three types of RNA polymerase called in eukaryotic cells?

A

Pol I
Pol II
Pol III

56
Q

what RNA polymerase synthesises all mRNA?

A

Pol II

57
Q

what acts as an adapter between the nucleic acid code and the amino acid code?

A

tRNA

58
Q

what does an anticodon consist of?

A

three tRNA nucleotides

59
Q

what is attached to the 3’ end of a tRNA anticodon?

A

a specific amino acid, depending on the anticodon sequence

60
Q

what are the five steps of transcription?

A 
RNA polymerase binding
DNA chain separation
transcription initiation
elongation
termination
61
Q

what is required for RNA polymerase binding?

A

transcription factors

62
Q

what are initiation sites for transcription called on DNA?

A

promotors

63
Q

what happens during transcription initiation of RNA?

A

selection of the first nucleotide of the growing RNA

64
Q

what happens during elongation of RNA?

A

addition of further nucleotides to the RNA chain

65
Q

what happens during termination of RNA?

A

release of the finished RNA

66
Q

where does transcription start?

A

initiation nucleotide + 1

67
Q

where is the TATA box found?

A

around 25 nucleotides before the transcriptional start (-25)

68
Q

what is TBP?

A

TATA box binding protein

69
Q

what does TBP do?

A

recognises the TATA box

70
Q

what is TBP part of?

A

TFIID

71
Q

what is TFIID?

A

a general transcription factor required for all Pol II transcribed genes

72
Q

what direction is the RNA chain synthesised in?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

73
Q

what does a newly synthesised RNA make when finished?

A

a stem loop structure followed by a stretch of U’s

74
Q

what happens when finished RNA is cleaved off of the DNA template?

A

RNA is released

polymerase dissociates

75
Q

what is a coding section of a gene called?

A

an exon

76
Q

what is a non coding section of a gene called?

A

an intron

77
Q

what needs to be removed before mRNA is translated into a protein and what is this process called?

A

introns by splicing

78
Q

what are steroid receptors?

A

a family of transcription factors that are a subset of a family of nuclear hormone receptors

79
Q

where are steroid receptors found and what state are they in?

A

the cell cytoplasm where they are inactive

80
Q

what happens when a steroid binds to a steroid receptor?

A

the steroid moves to the nucleus and binds to DNA at a steroid response element (SRE)

81
Q

what is an SRE?

A

steroid response elements

82
Q

what happens to tRNA in translation?

A

the anticodons on tRNA molecules form base pairs with codons on mRNA

83
Q

how many nucleotides are found in codons and anticodons?

A

three

84
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

85
Q

what does each possible codon code for?

A

one amino acid or a stop

86
Q

how many possible reading frames are there for translation of each RNA molecules?

A

three, depending on where translation starts

87
Q

what is the function of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?

A

bind amino acids specifically to their corresponding tRNA molecule

88
Q

what is an If?

A

initiation factor

89
Q

what provides energy for initiation?

A

hydrolysis of GTP

90
Q

what initiates RNA translation?

A

a small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5’ end of the mRNA and moves until it finds the start codon

91
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

92
Q

what amino acid does the start codon code for?

A

methionine

93
Q

what is the tRNA sequence complementary to the start codon?

A

UAC

94
Q

where is the initiator tRNA located at the end of initiation?

A

the P site

95
Q

what brings the second aminoacyl-tRNA into a ribosome during translation?

A

Ef-1a, an elongation factor

96
Q

what site does the second amino-acyl tRNA enter during translation?

A

the A site

97
Q

what is EFBy?

A

a second elongation factor in translation

98
Q

what is the function of EFBy?

A

regenerates Ef-1a to bring the next aminoacyl-tRNA for translation

99
Q

what moves the ribosome along by one triplet during translation?

A

elongation factor EF-2

100
Q

when does termination of translation occur?

A

when the A site of the ribosome encounters a stop codon

101
Q

what are the three stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

102
Q

what binds to stop codons and what does this cause?

A 
release factor (RF) 
causes GTP hydrolysis
103
Q

how many rRNA molecules does a ribosome contain?

A

four

104
Q

what are the three tRNA binding sites in a ribosome?

A 
E = exit 
P = peptidyl
A = aminoacyl
105
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes?

A

free and bound

106
Q

where is a free ribosome found?

A

in the cytosol

107
Q

where is a bound ribosome found?

A

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

108
Q

what is a point mutation?

A

a change in a single base in DNA

109
Q

what does a missense mutation cause?

A

a change of the amino acid sequence

110
Q

what can a missense mutation change?

A

protein function

111
Q

what is an example of a disease caused by a missense mutation?

A

sickle cell anaemia causing akterer haemoglobin

112
Q

what is a silent mutation?

A

a mutation causes by degeneracy of the egentic code that has no effect on amino acid sequence

113
Q

what are the two types of frameshift mutation?

A

addition or deletion of a base

114
Q

what effect does a frameshift mutation have?

A

changes the reading frame of translation into a protein

115
Q

name four types of chromosomal mutation

A

deletions
duplications
inversions
translocations

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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