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Y1 Principles > Anatomy of the Cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

one with a true nucleus

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2
Q

what is the plasmalemma?

A

the cell membrane

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3
Q

what is the role of the cell membrane?

A

separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment

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4
Q

what can move through the cell membrane easily?

A

water
oxygen
small hydrophobic molecules

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5
Q

what cannot move through the cell membrane?

A

charged ions

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6
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a small cellular organ with a specific function that is essential to life

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7
Q

what is the role of the mitochondria?

A

produces energy (ATP)

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8
Q

what is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

protein synthesis

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9
Q

what is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

cholesterol + lipid synthesis

detoxification

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10
Q

what is the role of the golgi apparatus?

A

modification and packaging of secretions

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11
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

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12
Q

what is an inclusion?

A

anything else in the cell that isn’t essential to life

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13
Q

what are two ways an inclusion may appear in a cell?

A

the cell might synthesise it

it could be taken up from the extracellular environment

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14
Q

what are the three main classes of filaments in the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest ?

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

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15
Q

what are microfilaments made from and what property does this give them?

A

actin

this can assemble into filaments and then dissociate, making them very dynamic

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16
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of and what does this lead to?

A

six main proteins that vary in cell types

cell types can be identified by what makes up their intermediate filaments

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17
Q

what are microtubules composed of?

A

two tubulin proteins, one alpha and one beta

it is a hollow tubule

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18
Q

where do microtubules originate?

A

the centrosome

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19
Q

what is included in a microtubule?

A

stabilising proteins = microtubule associated proteins (MAPS)

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20
Q

what filament allows proteins to move through the cell?

A

microtubules

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21
Q

what three things are microtubules important in?

A

cilia
flagella
mitotic spindle

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22
Q

what proteins attach to microtubules and move along them through the cell?

A

kinesin and dynein

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23
Q

what type of proteins are kinesin and dynein?

A

ATPase’s

24
Q

what direction does kinesin move in?

A

towards the cell periphery

25
Q

what direction does dynein move in?

A

towards the cell centre

26
Q

how do the three filaments form the cytoskeleton?

A

they attach to each other and the cell membrane, creating a dynamic internal scaffolding in the cell

27
Q

what organelle is found in a centrosome and what are these made of?

A

centrioles

made of specialised microtubule segments

28
Q

what surrounds the nucleus?

A

a double layered membrane (the nuclear envelope)

this is porous

29
Q

what is found between the two layers of the nuclear envelope?

A

the perinuclear cistern

30
Q

what is found on the surface of the outer nuclear membrane?

A

ribosomes, continuous with the RER

31
Q

what RNA molecules are transcribed in the nucleus?

A

mRNA

tRNA

32
Q

what RNA molecules are transcribed in the nucleolus?

A

rRNA

33
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

a dense area in the nucleus

34
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

euchromatin

heterochromatin

35
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

DNA that is more dispersed and actively undergoing transcription

36
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

37
Q

where are ribosomes formed?

A

the nucleolus

38
Q

what is each ribosome made of and what does each part do?

A

large subunit = catalyses peptide bond formation

small subunit = binds RNA

39
Q

what does the export of ribosomes from the nucleolus depend on?

A

the nuclear pore complex

40
Q

what does the endoplasmic reticulum form?

A

a network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments

41
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough (RER)

smooth (SER)

42
Q

what covers the surface of the RER?

A

ribosomes

43
Q

what does the amount of RER suggest about a cell?

A

how active it is

44
Q

what type of cells have more than a normal amount of SER?

A

cells that synthesise steroid hormones

45
Q

which mitochondrial membrane folds and what does this form?

A

the inner membrane

forms cristae to increase the surface area

46
Q

which tissue type contains many intercellular junctions?

A

epithelia

47
Q

what are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A

occluding
anchoring
communicating

48
Q

what does an occluding junction do?

A

links cells to form a barrier that prevents diffusion

49
Q

what are other names for occluding junctions?

A

tight junctions

zonula occludens

50
Q

what do anchoring junctions do?

A

link submembrane actin bundles in adjacent cells ti provide mechanical strength

51
Q

what are other names for anchoring junctions?

A

adherent junctions

zonula adherens

52
Q

what is a desmosome?

A

a type of anchoring junction that links submembrane filaments of adjacent cells

53
Q

what is another name for desmosomes and where are they common?

A

macula adherens

common in the skin

54
Q

what do communicating junctions do?

A

allow movement of molecules between cells

55
Q

what are communicating junctions also called?

A

gap junctions

56
Q

where are gap junctions commonly found?

A

epithelial
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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