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Y1 Principles > Introduction to Biochemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what bond type is the strongest and how is it formed?

A

covalent

the sharing of electrons

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2
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

the attraction of opposite charges

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3
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

the sharing of a hydrogen atom

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4
Q

what is a hydrophobic interaction?

A

an interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances

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5
Q

what is the weakest type of bond?

A

Van der Waals interactions

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6
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon make, and what shape does this result in?

A

four

tetrahedral

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7
Q

what atoms can carbon bond with?

A

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen

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8
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons within a bond w

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9
Q

what is phosphorylation and what is it used for?

A

the addition of a phosphate

cell signalling reactions

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10
Q

what is acylation and what is it used for?

A

addition of an acyl group

joining molecules together

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11
Q

what is carboxylation?

A

addition of a carboxyl group

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12
Q

what is condensation?

A

when molecules are combined and water is removed

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13
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

adding water to break up a molecule

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14
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can neither be created or destroyed

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15
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

when energy is converted from one form to another, some becomes unavailable to do work

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16
Q

what is entropy?

A

the amount of disorder in a system

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17
Q

what equation is used to calculate the change in gibbs free energy?

A

ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

18
Q

what is an exergonic reaction?

A

a reaction where the free energy of products is less than the free energy of reactants

19
Q

what is the free energy change in an exergonic reaction?

A

negative

20
Q

what type of reaction can occur spontaneously?

A

exergonic

21
Q

what is an endergonic reaction?

A

a reaction where the free energy of the products is more than the reactants

22
Q

what is the free energy change in an endergonic reaction?

A

positive

23
Q

what do endergonic reactions need to occur?

A

energy input

24
Q

what are the standard conditions?

A 
temperature = 298K 
pressure = 1 atmosphere 
pH = 7
25
Q

what type of reaction is ATP breakdown?

A

exergonic

26
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all of the reactions occurring in the body

27
Q

what two things are included in metabolism?

A

catabolism

anabolism

28
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy

29
Q

what is anabolism?

A

synthesizing complex molecules out of small ones, consuming energy

30
Q

what are stereoisomers?

A

molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of each other

31
Q

what are the four types of amino acids?

A

non polar/hydrophobic
polar
acidic
basic

32
Q

what enzyme catalyses the formation of peptide bonds?

A

peptidyl transferase

33
Q

what is an acid?

A

a substance that can donate a proton

34
Q

what is a base?

A

a substance that can accept a proton

35
Q

what determines the strength of an acid and what is this measured by?

A

how readily it donates a proton

the acid dissociation constant

36
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

the sequence of amino acids

37
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

the localised shape of the polypeptide backbone

38
Q

what are the three types of secondary protein structure?

A

alpha helix
beta strands and sheets
triple helix

39
Q

what is tertiary protein structure?

A

the 3D structure of an entire polypeptide, including side chains

40
Q

what is quaternary protein structure?

A

the spatial arrangement of a polypeptide chain with multiple subunits

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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