Antibiotics + Resistance

Question 1

what is a bactericidal antibiotic?

Answer 1

one that kills bacteria

Question 2

what is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

Answer 2

one that inhibits bacterial growth

Question 3

what is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

Answer 3

one that acts on a limited range of bacteria

Question 4

what is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

Answer 4

one that works on a wide range of gram negative and positive bacteria

Question 5

what are the three possible methods by which antibiotics work?

Answer 5

acting on the bacterial cell wall
affecting the bacterial ribosomes
acting on bacterial DNA

Question 6

name three groups of antibiotics that act on the bacterial cell wall

Answer 6

penicillin’s
cephalosporin’s
glycopeptides

Question 7

what effect does a penicillin have on bacteria?

Answer 7

it inhibits cell wall synthesis

Question 8

is penicillin bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 8

bactericidal

Question 9

how are penicillin’s excreted?

Answer 9

rapidly via the kidneys

Question 10

what structural feature is found in some penicillin’s?

Answer 10

a beta lactam ring

Question 11

name five different types of penicillin’s

Answer 11

penicillin
flucloxacillin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav
tazobactam/piperacillin

Question 12

what are the three forms of penicillin?

Answer 12

benzylpenicillin
phenoxymethyl penicillin
long acting penicillin

Question 13

how is benzylpenicillin administered?

Answer 13

IV

Question 14

what is another name for benzylpenicillin?

Answer 14

penicillin G

Question 15

what is another name for phenoxymethyl penicillin?

Answer 15

penicillin V

Question 16

how is phenoxymethyl penicillin administered?

Answer 16

orally

Question 17

how is long acting penicillin administered?

Answer 17

IM

Question 18

what two methods of administration can be used for flucloxacillin?

Answer 18

IV and oral

Question 19

is flucloxacillin broad or narrow spectrum?

Answer 19

very narrow

Question 20

what organisms can flucloxacillin be used to treat?

Answer 20

gram positive staph and strep only

Question 21

what methods of administration can be used for amoxicillin?

Answer 21

IV and oral

Question 22

what can bacteria produce that destroys amoxicillin and why?

Answer 22

beta lactamase, as it destroys the beta lactam ring within it

Question 23

what methods of administration can be used for co-amoxiclav?

Answer 23

IV and oral

Question 24

what is co-amoxiclav?

Answer 24

a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

Question 25

what is clavulanic acid and what effect does this have on amoxicillin?

Answer 25

a beta lactamase inhibitor extends the range of bacteria which can be treated with amoxicillin

Question 26

how is Piperacillin/tazobactam administered?

Answer 26

IV only

Question 27

what is Piperacillin/tazobactam?

Answer 27

a combination of an antibiotic and a beta lactamase inhibitor

Question 28

what does Piperacillin/tazobactam treat?

Answer 28

everything besides MRSA infection and ESBL-producing organisms

Question 29

what does ESBL stand for?

Answer 29

extended spectrum beta lactamases

Question 30

how do cephalosporins work?

Answer 30

inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan

Question 31

are cephalosporins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 31

bactericidal

Question 32

how are cephalosporins excreted?

Answer 32

via kidneys and urine

Question 33

are cephalosporins safe in pregnancy?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what structural feature is found in cephalosporins?

Answer 34

a beta lactam ring

Question 35

are cephalosporins broad or narrow spectrum?

Answer 35

broad

Question 36

what negative effect can cephalosporins have?

Answer 36

kill off normal gut flora, allowing C.Diff overgrowth

Question 37

name two glycopeptides

Answer 37

vancomycin | teicoplanin

Question 38

how do you identify an antibiotic that is a cephalosporin?

Answer 38

has a ceph or cef in its name

Question 39

how are glycopeptides administered?

Answer 39

IV

Question 40

how do glycopeptides affect bacteria?

Answer 40

binds to the end of a growing peptide chain in peptidoglycan synthesis,preventing cross linking and weakening the bacterial cell wall

Question 41

are glycopeptides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Answer 41

bactericidal

Question 42

why do glycopeptides need to be given IV?

Answer 42

they are not absorbed orally

Question 43

how are glycopeptides excreted?

Answer 43

via the kidneys and urine

Question 44

what organisms are glycopeptides useful against?

Answer 44

only gram positive bacteria

Question 45

how do antibiotics that affect protein synthesis work?

Answer 45

they attach to bacterial ribosomes

Question 46

name the two main groups of antibiotics that affect protein synthesis?

Answer 46

macrolides | aminoglycosides

Question 47

name three macrolides

Answer 47

erythromycin clarithromycin azithromycin

Question 48

how are macrolides excreted?

Answer 48

via the liver, biliary tract and into the gut

Question 49

which macrolide is safe in pregnancy?

Answer 49

erythromycin

Question 50

name an aminnoglycoside

Answer 50

gentamicin

Question 51

how is gentamicin administered?

Answer 51

IV

Question 52

is gentamicin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Answer 52

bactericidal

Question 53

how is gentamicin excreted?

Answer 53

via the urine

Question 54

what is gentamicin active against?

Answer 54

gram negative aerobic organisms i.e. coliforms and pseudomonas

Question 55

describe the therapeutic index of gentamicin

Answer 55

very narrow, so blood levels must be checked regularly

Question 56

what can be damaged by aminoglycosides and what can this cause?

Answer 56

kidneys and the 8th cranial nerve renal failure, deafness and disturbance of balance

Question 57

name three other antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 57

clindamycin chloramphenicol tetracyclines

Question 58

how are clindamycin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines excreted?

Answer 58

via the liver and biliary system

Question 59

what is clindamycin used for?

Answer 59

second line for staph and strep | against true anaerobes

Question 60

what is chloramphenicol mainly used for?

Answer 60

as a topical treatment for eye infections

Question 61

are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 61

bacteriostatic

Question 62

name three antibiotics that act on DNA

Answer 62

metronidazole trimethoprim fluoroquinolones

Question 63

what methods of administration can be used for metronidazole?

Answer 63

oral and IV

Question 64

how does metronidazole work?

Answer 64

causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA

Question 65

what is metronidazole used for?

Answer 65

infections caused by true anaerobes and protozoa

Question 66

how is trimethoprim givem?

Answer 66

orally with or without sulphamethoxazole

Question 67

what is the method of action of trimethoprim?

Answer 67

inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

Question 68

what is trimethoprim given with sulfamethoxazole called?

Answer 68

co-trimoxazole

Question 69

how is trimethoprim excreted?

Answer 69

in urine

Question 70

is trimethoprim safe in pregnancy?

Answer 70

yes, from the fourth month onwards

Question 71

how do fluoroquinolones work?

Answer 71

interact with topoisomerases, preventing replication as the DNA cant uncoil

Question 72

are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Answer 72

bactericidal

Question 73

are fluoroquinolones narrow or broad spectrum?

Answer 73

broad, so their use is restricted to prevent C.Diff infection

Question 74

what antibiotics can be given orally to treat pseudomonas?

Answer 74

fluoroquinolones

Question 75

how are fluoroquinolones excreted?

Answer 75

in urine

Question 76

name two fluoroquinolones

Answer 76

ciprofloxacin | levofloxacin

Question 77

how is ciprofloxacin administered?

Answer 77

IV or oral

Question 78

how is levofloxacin administered?

Answer 78

IV only

Question 79

what is ciprofloxacin used for?

Answer 79

complicated UTI's

Question 80

what is levofloxacin used for?

Answer 80

severe CAP in penicillin allergic patients

Question 81

what side effect can tetracyclines have?

Answer 81

permanent staining of teeth and bones in children under twelve

Question 82

what side effects can glycopeptides have?

Answer 82

vancomycin damages the kidneys

Question 83

what does metronidazole interact with?

Answer 83

alcohol

Question 84

what possible side effects can fluoroquinolones have?

Answer 84

weakened tendons joint damage in children seizures

Question 85

name three antibiotics that should not be given to pregnant women

Answer 85

gentamicin tetracyclines fluoroquinolones

Question 86

what four antibiotics are associated with increased risk for C.Diff infection?

Answer 86

cephalosporins co-amoxiclav ciprofloxacin clindamycin