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Antibiotics + Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

what is a bactericidal antibiotic?

A

one that kills bacteria

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2
Q

what is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

one that inhibits bacterial growth

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3
Q

what is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

one that acts on a limited range of bacteria

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4
Q

what is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

one that works on a wide range of gram negative and positive bacteria

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5
Q

what are the three possible methods by which antibiotics work?

A

acting on the bacterial cell wall
affecting the bacterial ribosomes
acting on bacterial DNA

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6
Q

name three groups of antibiotics that act on the bacterial cell wall

A

penicillin’s
cephalosporin’s
glycopeptides

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7
Q

what effect does a penicillin have on bacteria?

A

it inhibits cell wall synthesis

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8
Q

is penicillin bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

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9
Q

how are penicillin’s excreted?

A

rapidly via the kidneys

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10
Q

what structural feature is found in some penicillin’s?

A

a beta lactam ring

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11
Q

name five different types of penicillin’s

A 
penicillin
flucloxacillin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav
tazobactam/piperacillin
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12
Q

what are the three forms of penicillin?

A

benzylpenicillin
phenoxymethyl penicillin
long acting penicillin

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13
Q

how is benzylpenicillin administered?

A

IV

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14
Q

what is another name for benzylpenicillin?

A

penicillin G

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15
Q

what is another name for phenoxymethyl penicillin?

A

penicillin V

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16
Q

how is phenoxymethyl penicillin administered?

A

orally

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17
Q

how is long acting penicillin administered?

A

IM

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18
Q

what two methods of administration can be used for flucloxacillin?

A

IV and oral

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19
Q

is flucloxacillin broad or narrow spectrum?

A

very narrow

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20
Q

what organisms can flucloxacillin be used to treat?

A

gram positive staph and strep only

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21
Q

what methods of administration can be used for amoxicillin?

A

IV and oral

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22
Q

what can bacteria produce that destroys amoxicillin and why?

A

beta lactamase, as it destroys the beta lactam ring within it

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23
Q

what methods of administration can be used for co-amoxiclav?

A

IV and oral

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24
Q

what is co-amoxiclav?

A

a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

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25
Q

what is clavulanic acid and what effect does this have on amoxicillin?

A

a beta lactamase inhibitor

extends the range of bacteria which can be treated with amoxicillin

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26
Q

how is Piperacillin/tazobactam administered?

A

IV only

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27
Q

what is Piperacillin/tazobactam?

A

a combination of an antibiotic and a beta lactamase inhibitor

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28
Q

what does Piperacillin/tazobactam treat?

A

everything besides MRSA infection and ESBL-producing organisms

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29
Q

what does ESBL stand for?

A

extended spectrum beta lactamases

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30
Q

how do cephalosporins work?

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan

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31
Q

are cephalosporins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

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32
Q

how are cephalosporins excreted?

A

via kidneys and urine

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33
Q

are cephalosporins safe in pregnancy?

A

yes

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34
Q

what structural feature is found in cephalosporins?

A

a beta lactam ring

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35
Q

are cephalosporins broad or narrow spectrum?

36
Q

what negative effect can cephalosporins have?

A

kill off normal gut flora, allowing C.Diff overgrowth

37
Q

name two glycopeptides

A

vancomycin

teicoplanin

38
Q

how do you identify an antibiotic that is a cephalosporin?

A

has a ceph or cef in its name

39
Q

how are glycopeptides administered?

40
Q

how do glycopeptides affect bacteria?

A

binds to the end of a growing peptide chain in peptidoglycan synthesis,preventing cross linking and weakening the bacterial cell wall

41
Q

are glycopeptides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

42
Q

why do glycopeptides need to be given IV?

A

they are not absorbed orally

43
Q

how are glycopeptides excreted?

A

via the kidneys and urine

44
Q

what organisms are glycopeptides useful against?

A

only gram positive bacteria

45
Q

how do antibiotics that affect protein synthesis work?

A

they attach to bacterial ribosomes

46
Q

name the two main groups of antibiotics that affect protein synthesis?

A

macrolides

aminoglycosides

47
Q

name three macrolides

A

erythromycin
clarithromycin
azithromycin

48
Q

how are macrolides excreted?

A

via the liver, biliary tract and into the gut

49
Q

which macrolide is safe in pregnancy?

A

erythromycin

50
Q

name an aminnoglycoside

A

gentamicin

51
Q

how is gentamicin administered?

52
Q

is gentamicin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

53
Q

how is gentamicin excreted?

A

via the urine

54
Q

what is gentamicin active against?

A

gram negative aerobic organisms i.e. coliforms and pseudomonas

55
Q

describe the therapeutic index of gentamicin

A

very narrow, so blood levels must be checked regularly

56
Q

what can be damaged by aminoglycosides and what can this cause?

A

kidneys and the 8th cranial nerve

renal failure, deafness and disturbance of balance

57
Q

name three other antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

A

clindamycin
chloramphenicol
tetracyclines

58
Q

how are clindamycin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines excreted?

A

via the liver and biliary system

59
Q

what is clindamycin used for?

A

second line for staph and strep

against true anaerobes

60
Q

what is chloramphenicol mainly used for?

A

as a topical treatment for eye infections

61
Q

are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

62
Q

name three antibiotics that act on DNA

A

metronidazole
trimethoprim
fluoroquinolones

63
Q

what methods of administration can be used for metronidazole?

A

oral and IV

64
Q

how does metronidazole work?

A

causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA

65
Q

what is metronidazole used for?

A

infections caused by true anaerobes and protozoa

66
Q

how is trimethoprim givem?

A

orally with or without sulphamethoxazole

67
Q

what is the method of action of trimethoprim?

A

inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

68
Q

what is trimethoprim given with sulfamethoxazole called?

A

co-trimoxazole

69
Q

how is trimethoprim excreted?

70
Q

is trimethoprim safe in pregnancy?

A

yes, from the fourth month onwards

71
Q

how do fluoroquinolones work?

A

interact with topoisomerases, preventing replication as the DNA cant uncoil

72
Q

are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

73
Q

are fluoroquinolones narrow or broad spectrum?

A

broad, so their use is restricted to prevent C.Diff infection

74
Q

what antibiotics can be given orally to treat pseudomonas?

A

fluoroquinolones

75
Q

how are fluoroquinolones excreted?

76
Q

name two fluoroquinolones

A

ciprofloxacin

levofloxacin

77
Q

how is ciprofloxacin administered?

A

IV or oral

78
Q

how is levofloxacin administered?

79
Q

what is ciprofloxacin used for?

A

complicated UTI’s

80
Q

what is levofloxacin used for?

A

severe CAP in penicillin allergic patients

81
Q

what side effect can tetracyclines have?

A

permanent staining of teeth and bones in children under twelve

82
Q

what side effects can glycopeptides have?

A

vancomycin damages the kidneys

83
Q

what does metronidazole interact with?

84
Q

what possible side effects can fluoroquinolones have?

A

weakened tendons
joint damage in children
seizures

85
Q

name three antibiotics that should not be given to pregnant women

A

gentamicin
tetracyclines
fluoroquinolones

86
Q

what four antibiotics are associated with increased risk for C.Diff infection?

A

cephalosporins
co-amoxiclav
ciprofloxacin
clindamycin

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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