Anatomy: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
what two systems make up the circulatory system?
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
what are the three components of the cardiovascular system?
arterial system
heart
venous system
what are the two main circulations of the cardiovascular system?
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
what are the three layers of the heart, from inside to outside?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what is the epicardium?
visceral serous pericardium
what is the myocardium?
cardiac muscle layer
what is the endocardium?
endothelial layer of the heart
what are the four chambers of the heart?
left atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
right atrium
what forms the posterior surface of the heart?
the left atrium
what forms the left border of the heart?
the left ventricle
what forms most of the anterior surface of the heart?
the right ventricle
what forms the right border of the heart?
the right atrium
what do cardiac valves ensure?
unidirectional blood flow
what are the three layers of a blood vessel from insid e to outside?
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
what is the tunica intima made of?
endothelium
what is the tunica media made of?
smooth muscle and elastic fibres
what is the tunica adventitia made of?
connective tissue
what is a neurovascular bundle made of?
nerve
artery
vein
what type of blood do most arteries carry?
oxygenated
what is bifurcation?
artery dividing in two
what is trifurcation?
artery dividing in three
what is vasodilation?
relaxation of smooth muscle widening the lumen to increase blood flow
what is vasoconstriction?
contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow
what is sympathetic tone?
background low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
what causes sympathetic tone?
tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves
what is an anastomosis?
where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
what does an anastomosis provide?
alternative routes for blood to flow to supply cells distal to an occlusion
what is each alternative route in an anastomosis called?
a collateral
what is a disadvantage of collaterals?
they bleed on both sides of a cut
what is an end artery?
the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body
what does untreated occlusion of an end artery result in?
infarction of its territory
what is infarction?
irreversible cell death due to hypoxia
what causes fingertip infarction?
occlusion of a digital artery branch
what causes retinal infarction?
occlusion of the central artery of the retina
what causes myocardial infarction?
occlusion of a coronary artery
what are the four parts of the aorta?
ascending
arch of the aorta
thoracic
abdominal
what are the two branches on the ascending aorta?
left and right coronary artery
what are the three branches of the arch of the aorta?
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid
right subclavian
describe the arterial blood flow from heart to wrist
subclavian artery
axillary artery
brachial artery
bifurcates into radial and ulnar
what does the abdominal aorta branch into?
the common iliac arteries
what do the common iliac arteries supply?
the pelvis, perineum and lower limbs
what do the common iliac arteries branch into?
external iliac artery
internal iliac artery
what does the external iliac artery supply?
lower limbs
what does the internal iliac artery supply?
pelvis and perineum
where is the carotid pulse found?
at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
where is the femoral artery pulse found?
the continuation of the external iliac artery in the groin
where is the brachial artery pulse found?
anterior to the elbow joint
where is the radial artery pulse found?
radial side of the palmar aspect of the wrist
where is the popliteal artery pulse found?
posterior to the knee joint
what are the two sets of veins in the body?
superficial veins
deep veins
what are the two main venous systems of the body?
hepatic portal venous system
systemic venous system
