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Y1 Principles > Diversity of Cells and their Functions > Flashcards

Diversity of Cells and their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common stain used in histology and what does it consist of?

A

H+E

haematoxylin and eosin

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2
Q

what is haematoxylin and how does it stain?

A

basic die

stains acidic molecules purple i.e. nucleus, ribosomes

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3
Q

what is eosin and how does it stain?

A

acidic die

stains basic molecules pink e.g. proteins of the cytoplasm

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4
Q

what are the four basic tissue types?

A

epithelium
connective tissue
muscle
nervous tissue

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5
Q

what is the role of epithelium?

A

covers the body surfaces and lines hollow organs

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6
Q

how many kinds of muscle are there in the body?

A

three

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7
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of?

A

neurons and their supportive cells

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8
Q

what is a basal lamia?

A

a layer of extracellular matrix components at the basal surface of epithelia

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9
Q

how are epithelia supplied with nutrients and why?

A

diffuse across the basal lamina

non vascular tissue

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10
Q

name an organ formed by epithelial tissue

A

the liver

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11
Q

name the six major function of epithelia

A 
mechanical barrier
chemical barrier 
absorption
secretion 
containment 
locomotion
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12
Q

name two minor functions of epithelia

A

sensation

contractility

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13
Q

what are the three types of epithelia classified by cell share?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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14
Q

describe squamous epithelia

A

flattened cells

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15
Q

describe cuboidal epithelia

A

cube shaped

height similar to width

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16
Q

describe columnar epithelia

A

tall and thin cells

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17
Q

what are the three types of epithelia classified by the number of layers?

A

simple
stratified
pseudo stratified

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18
Q

what is simple epithelia?

A

single layered

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19
Q

what is stratified epithelia?

A

two or more layers

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20
Q

what is pseudo stratified epithelia?

A

tissue appears to have multiple layers but in fact all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

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21
Q

what are goblet cells?

A

single cell mucous glands

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22
Q

what are the two types of glands?

A

endocrine

exocrine

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23
Q

describe endocrine glands

A

product secreted into blood

ductless glands

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24
Q

describe exocrine glands

A

product secreted into a lumen, a duct or onto the body surface

ducted glands

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25
Q

what are the three types of connective tissue?

A

soft
hard
blood and lymph

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26
Q

what are the two main components of connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix

cells

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27
Q

what are fibroblasts?

A

cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

28
Q

what are adipose cells?

A

fat cells

29
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

cells of bone

30
Q

what are chondrocytes?

A

cells of cartilage

31
Q

what are the three types of soft connective tissue?

A

loose
dense regular
dense irregular

32
Q

describe loose soft connective tissue

A

loosely packed fibres

abundant ground substance

33
Q

where is loose soft connective tissue found?

A

the mesentery

34
Q

describe dense regular soft connective tissue

A

densely packed bundles of aligned collagen fibres

35
Q

where is dense regular soft connective tissue found?

A

tendons

36
Q

describe dense irregular soft connective tissue

A

densely packed bundles of collagen fibres running in many directions

37
Q

where is dense irregular soft connective tissue found?

A

dermis of the skin

38
Q

name the two types of hard connective tissue

A

cartilage

bone

39
Q

what makes cartilage semi-rigid?

A

highly hydrated nature of the ground substance

40
Q

how does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

avascular

from adjacent tissues by diffusion

41
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

42
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

43
Q

what are the two types of bone in a long bone?

A

cortical

cancellous/trabecular

44
Q

what are Haversian canals?

A

small canals for blood vessels and nerves to pass through to supply bone

45
Q

how is force produced in muscles?

A

by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres

46
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

47
Q

what are other names for smooth muscle?

A

involuntary

visceral

48
Q

describe the structure of smooth muscle

A

no striations
elongated spindle shaped fibres
cigar shaped nucleus at the centre

49
Q

why is smooth muscle involuntary?

A

not under conscious control

50
Q

why is smooth muscle visceral?

A

predominantly found in organs

51
Q

what are other names for skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary

striated

52
Q

describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A

long fibres

many elongated nuclei at the periphery of the cell

53
Q

what is the cell membrane of muscle cells called?

A

sarcolemma

54
Q

describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A

striated
shorter
single nucleus at the centre

55
Q

what is the connective tissue coat around nervous tissue called in the CNS?

A

meninges

56
Q

what is the connective tissue coat around nervous tissue called in the PNS?

A

epineurium

57
Q

what are the three types of neurone?

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudo unipolar

58
Q

what is the most common type of neurone?

A

multipolar

59
Q

describe a multipolar neurone

A

many dendrites and one axon

60
Q

describe a bipolar neurone

A

one dendrite and one axon

61
Q

describe a pseudo unipolar neurone

A

short process gives rise to an axon in both directions

62
Q

what are the there principle glia of the CNS?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

63
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

what do microglia do?

A

provide immune surveillance

65
Q

what is the principle glia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cell

66
Q

what do Schwann cells do?

A

produce myelin in the PNS

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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