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Y1 Principles > Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the skeleton?

A

the axial skeleton

the appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

what is the long bone of the upper arm called?

A

the humerus

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3
Q

what are the two long bones in the forearm called?

A

the radius and the ulna

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4
Q

what are the three types of bones in the hand?

A

carpals
metacarpals
phalanges

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5
Q

what is the long bone in the thigh called?

A

the femur

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6
Q

what are the two long bones in the leg called?

A

the tibia and the fibula

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7
Q

what are the three types of bones in the foot called?

A

tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

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8
Q

when do bony features develop?

A

during bone growth

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9
Q

what are bony features?

A

functional changes that make the bones the best shape for its function

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10
Q

what is bone?

A

hard connective tissue

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11
Q

where is cartilage located?

A

where mobility is required (joints)

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12
Q

where does movement of the skeleton occur?

A

at joints

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13
Q

what is another name for joints?

A

articulations

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14
Q

what are the three different types of joints?

A

synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous

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15
Q

what is the most mobile type of joint?

A

synovial

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16
Q

what is the least mobile type of joint?

A

fibrous

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17
Q

what does increased mobility at a joint mean?

A

decreased stability and increased risk of dislocation

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18
Q

what four sensations are detected by the sensory receptors of joint nerves?

A

pain
touch
temperature
proprioception

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19
Q

what is proprioception?

A

awareness of the position in space

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20
Q

where do the arteries supplying joints arise from?

A

large arteries near the joint

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21
Q

what are arteries that supply a joint called?

A

articular branches

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22
Q

what do skeletal muscles produce?

A

movement of the skeleton

23
Q

what are skeletal muscles found deep to?

A

deep fascia

24
Q

what is deep fascia?

A

a layer of tough, fibrous connective tissue

25
Q

what are the two basic points of attachment of a muscle to bone called?

A

origin

insertion

26
Q

what attaches a muscle to bone?

A

a tendon

27
Q

what is an aponeurosis?

A

a flat tendon

28
Q

what does an aponeurosis connect muscle to?

A

soft tissue

29
Q

how many points of attachment to bone does the biceps brachii muscle have?

A

three

30
Q

how many origins does the deltoud muscle have?

A

three

31
Q

how many directions of movement does the deltoud muscle have?

A

three

32
Q

where does the deltoid muscle insert?

A

the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

33
Q

where are the three origins of the deltoid muscle?

A

spine of the scapula
acromion process
lateral side of the clavicle

34
Q

where do the posterior fibres of the deltoid originate?

A

the spine of the scapula

35
Q

where do the middle fibres of the deltoid muscle originate?

A

acromion process of the scapula

36
Q

where do the anterior fibres of the deltoid muscle originate?

A

lateral third of the clavicle

37
Q

what movement does the contraction of the posterior fibres of the deltoid produce?

A

extension of the shoulder

38
Q

what movement does the contraction of the middle fibres of the deltoid produce?

A

abduction of the shoulders

39
Q

what movement does the contraction of the anterior fibres of the deltoid produce?

A

flexion of the shoulder

40
Q

what nerve supplies the biceps brachii?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

41
Q

what is the clinical test for the biceps brachii?

A

biceps jerk reflex

42
Q

what are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

A

stretch reflex

flexion withdrawal reflex

43
Q

how is the stretch reflex tested?

A

a tendon hammer is used to apply brief, sudden stretch to the muscle via its tendon

44
Q

what is the normal response to stretch in a muscle?

A

to contract

45
Q

what is the flexion withdrawal reflex?

A

when you touch something potentially damaging and suddenly flex to withdraw from the danger

46
Q

where are the nerve connections for reflexes found?

A

the spinal cord

47
Q

what is not involved in reflexes?

A

the brain

48
Q

when is a muscle paralysed?

A

when a muscle doesn’t have a functioning motor nerve supply

49
Q

what would a paralysed muscle have upon examination?

A

reduced tone

50
Q

what is not working if there is spasticity in a muscle?

A

the descending controls from the brain

51
Q

what would a muscle with spasticity have on examination?

A

increased tone

52
Q

what is atrophy?

A

wasting of the muscles

53
Q

what causes atrophy?

A

inactivity of the muscle

54
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

skeletal muscles enlarging as each individual myocyte enlarges

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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