Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
what are the two divisions of the skeleton?
the axial skeleton
the appendicular skeleton
what is the long bone of the upper arm called?
the humerus
what are the two long bones in the forearm called?
the radius and the ulna
what are the three types of bones in the hand?
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
what is the long bone in the thigh called?
the femur
what are the two long bones in the leg called?
the tibia and the fibula
what are the three types of bones in the foot called?
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
when do bony features develop?
during bone growth
what are bony features?
functional changes that make the bones the best shape for its function
what is bone?
hard connective tissue
where is cartilage located?
where mobility is required (joints)
where does movement of the skeleton occur?
at joints
what is another name for joints?
articulations
what are the three different types of joints?
synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous
what is the most mobile type of joint?
synovial
what is the least mobile type of joint?
fibrous
what does increased mobility at a joint mean?
decreased stability and increased risk of dislocation
what four sensations are detected by the sensory receptors of joint nerves?
pain
touch
temperature
proprioception
what is proprioception?
awareness of the position in space
where do the arteries supplying joints arise from?
large arteries near the joint
what are arteries that supply a joint called?
articular branches
what do skeletal muscles produce?
movement of the skeleton
what are skeletal muscles found deep to?
deep fascia
what is deep fascia?
a layer of tough, fibrous connective tissue
what are the two basic points of attachment of a muscle to bone called?
origin
insertion
what attaches a muscle to bone?
a tendon
what is an aponeurosis?
a flat tendon
what does an aponeurosis connect muscle to?
soft tissue
how many points of attachment to bone does the biceps brachii muscle have?
three
how many origins does the deltoud muscle have?
three
how many directions of movement does the deltoud muscle have?
three
where does the deltoid muscle insert?
the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
where are the three origins of the deltoid muscle?
spine of the scapula
acromion process
lateral side of the clavicle
where do the posterior fibres of the deltoid originate?
the spine of the scapula
where do the middle fibres of the deltoid muscle originate?
acromion process of the scapula
where do the anterior fibres of the deltoid muscle originate?
lateral third of the clavicle
what movement does the contraction of the posterior fibres of the deltoid produce?
extension of the shoulder
what movement does the contraction of the middle fibres of the deltoid produce?
abduction of the shoulders
what movement does the contraction of the anterior fibres of the deltoid produce?
flexion of the shoulder
what nerve supplies the biceps brachii?
musculocutaneous nerve
what is the clinical test for the biceps brachii?
biceps jerk reflex
what are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?
stretch reflex
flexion withdrawal reflex
how is the stretch reflex tested?
a tendon hammer is used to apply brief, sudden stretch to the muscle via its tendon
what is the normal response to stretch in a muscle?
to contract
what is the flexion withdrawal reflex?
when you touch something potentially damaging and suddenly flex to withdraw from the danger
where are the nerve connections for reflexes found?
the spinal cord
what is not involved in reflexes?
the brain
when is a muscle paralysed?
when a muscle doesn’t have a functioning motor nerve supply
what would a paralysed muscle have upon examination?
reduced tone
what is not working if there is spasticity in a muscle?
the descending controls from the brain
what would a muscle with spasticity have on examination?
increased tone
what is atrophy?
wasting of the muscles
what causes atrophy?
inactivity of the muscle
what is hypertrophy?
skeletal muscles enlarging as each individual myocyte enlarges
