Cell Death

Question 1

what is atrophy?

Answer 1

reduction in cell size/number

Question 2

what are the two types of cell death?

Answer 2

necrosis

apoptosis

Question 3

which type of cell death requires energy?

Answer 3

apoptosis

Question 4

which type of cell death NEVER occurs physiologically, is always pathological?

Answer 4

necrosis

Question 5

what are the three types of necrosis?

Answer 5

coagulative
liquefactive
caseous

Question 6

describe coagulative necrosis

Answer 6

the cell outline is preserved

dead cells are consumed by enzymes and cells

Question 7

when is coagulative necrosis often seen?

Answer 7

after an MI in cardiac muscle

Question 8

describe liquefactive necrosis

Answer 8

cells become a liquid mass and no cell structure remains

Question 9

what is produced by liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 9

pus

Question 10

what type of necrosis occurs in the brain after a stroke?

Answer 10

liquefactive

Question 11

what is liquefactive necrosis associated with?

Answer 11

localised bacterial and fungal infections

Question 12

what is caseous necrosis often associated with?

Answer 12

TB

Question 13

what three tests should you ask for if someone has suspected TB?

Answer 13

culture
PCR
ziehl neelsen stain

Question 14

describe caseous necrosis

Answer 14

granulomatous inflammation with central necrosis

Question 15

what is apoptosis?

Answer 15

programmed cell death in response to specific signals

Question 16

when could apoptosis be physiological?

Answer 16

the removal of self reactive lymphocytes

Question 17

when does pathological apoptosis occur?

Answer 17

in response to injury

Question 18

what are the two pathways of apoptosis and what do they both rely on?

Answer 18

intrinsic and extrinsic

the activation of caspases

Question 19

what activates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 19

death receptors binding to the death domain on the cell membrane

stimulates caspases

Question 20

name two death receptors?

Answer 20

TNF and Fas

Question 21

where does Fas cause apoptosis?

Answer 21

in autoimmune lymphocytes

Question 22

where does TNF cause apoptosis?

Answer 22

in association with inflammatory conditions

Question 23

what type of pathway is the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 23

mitochondrial

Question 24

how does the intrinsic pathway cause apoptosis?

Answer 24

anti-apoptotic molecules in mitochondrial membrane replaced with Bac and Bax

increased mitochondrial permeability

proteins released that stimulate caspases

Question 25

name a protein released by the mitochondria that can activate caspases

Answer 25

cytochrome C

Question 26

what can too little apoptosis cause?

Answer 26

cancer

autoimmune disorders

Question 27

what can too much apoptosis cause?

Answer 27

neurodegenerative disorders

Question 28

name two causes of cellular aging

Answer 28

oxidative stress

accumulation of metabolic by-products