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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

name three things that can manipulate the immune system

A

immunisation
anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive drugs
cancer immunotherapy

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2
Q

what are the two main divisions of the immune system?

A

innate and adaptive/acquired

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3
Q

which type of immunity is present from birth?

A

innate

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4
Q

which type of immunity is generally non-specific?

A

innate

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5
Q

which type of immunity provides a rapid response?

A

innate

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6
Q

what is the first line of defence against infection?

A

the chemical and physical barriers of the innate immune system

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7
Q

name four soluble factors produced by the innate immune system

A

cytokines
acute phase proteins
inflammatory mediators
complement proteins

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8
Q

name four immune cells produced by the innate immune system

A

macrophages
mast cells
NK cells
neutrophils

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9
Q

how is adaptive immunity acquired?

A

it is induced by the presence of foreign material

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10
Q

which type of immunity is usually specific to a pathogen?

A

adaptive immunity

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11
Q

which type of immunity produces a slow response?

A

adaptive immunity

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12
Q

name two soluble factors produced by the adaptive immune system

A

cytokines

antibodies

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13
Q

name two immune cells of the adaptive immune response

A

B cells

T cells

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14
Q

name three things that provide a barrier to infection

A

skin
mucous
commensal bacteria

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15
Q

what is the most important barrier to infection?

A

the skin

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16
Q

what type of barrier is the skin?

A

a physical and physiological barrier

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17
Q

name three ways in which the skin keeps pathogens out of the body

A

cells are thick and tightly packed

has low pH and low oxygen tension

produces secretions against infections

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18
Q

where does the skin produce secretions against infections from?

A

the sebaceous glands

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19
Q

name four secretions against infection secreted by the skin

A

hydrophobic oils
lysozyme
ammonia
antimicrobial peptides

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20
Q

where in the body is lined with mucous membranes?

A

all body cavities that come into contact with the outside environment

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21
Q

how does mucous create a barrier to infection?

A

it traps bacteria which are then removed by ciliated cells

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22
Q

what are commensal bacteria?

A

bacteria that normally reside at epithelial surfaces

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23
Q

how do commensal bacteria create a barrier to infection?

A

they compete with pathogens for scarce resources and produce secretions that inhibit the growth of many pathogens

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24
Q

when are the innate immune responses initiated?

A

when physical barriers are breached and pathogens invade

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25
what three ways can pathogens be ingested by macrophages?
pinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis phagocytosis
26
what is pinocytosis?
ingestion of fluid surrounding cells
27
what is receptor mediated endocytosis?
internalisation of molecules bound to membrane receptors
28
what facilitates the ingestion of pathogens by immune cells?
opsonisation
29
what is opsonisation?
the coating of pathogens by soluble factors (called opsonins) to enhance phagocytosis
30
give four examples of opsonins
C3b CRP IgG IgM
31
what cell is activated if a pathogen is too large to be ingested by phagocytes?
mast cells
32
what do mast cells do when a pathogen binds?
undergo degranulation
33
what is degranulation?
the release of pro-inflammatory substances
34
what is a PRR and what cells are they found on?
pattern recognition receptor immune cells
35
what is a PAMP and what cells are they found on?
pathogen associated molecular patterns pathogens
36
give four examples of pro-inflammatory mediators
nitric oxide prostaglandins histamine TNF a
37
name three phagocytic cells
macrophages dendritic cells neutrophils
38
what three cells are tissue resident innate immune cells?
macrophages dendritic cells mast cells
39
what does the complement system do when activated?
creates a cascade of chemical reactions that promote an immune response
40
what four things are triggered by activation of the complement system?
opsonisation pathogen killing inflammation leukocyte recruitment
41
what are the three possible complement pathways?
classical mannose binding lectin alternative
42
what is the main step in the complement system?
C3 converted to C3b and C3a
43
what do C3b and C3a activate?
downstream complement proteins
44
what is C3?
an acute phase protein
45
what cells express mannose?
pathogens only, which is why it activates the complement system
46
how does MBL activate the complement system?
it activates C3 convertase which is needed to convert C3 to C3b and C3a
47
what role does C3b play in the complement system?
it activates an amplification loop which further activates C3 convertase to activate the pathway via the alternative system
48
what activates the downstream complement pathway and how?
active C3b associates with other proteins and produces a C5 convertase
49
what does C5 convertase do?
cleaves inactive C5 into C5a and C5b
50
what does active C5b do?
associates with other complement proteins to produce membrane attack complex (MAC)
51
what is membrane attack complex?
a pore forming channel which inserts into the pathogens membrane/wall
52
how does MAC destroy pathogens?
extracellular salts and water enter the pathogen via the pore MAC creates, causing it to swell and burst
53
name two anaphylatoxins
C3a | C5a
54
what do anaphalotoxins do?
promote changes in vasculature, inflammation and leukocyte recruitment by activating mast cells and acting on blood vessels
55
what can C3b be used as?
a powerful opsonin
56
what are the three killing mechanisms of a neutrophil?
phagocytosis degranulation NETs
57
what two methods do neutrophils use to kill pathogens in phagocytosis?
phagolysosomal killing | ROS dependent killing
58
what is neutrophil degranulation?
release of anti-bacterial proteins directly into the e extracellular matrix
59
what is a negative to neutrophil degranulation?
can cause tissue damage and inflammation
60
what does NET stand for in neutrophilic killing?
neutrophil extracellular traps
61
how do NETs work?
neutrophils release them and they trap and kill pathogens
62
what body cells mediate the acute phase response and how?
hepatocytes produce many of the acute phase proteins
63
what is CRP?
C reactive protein
64
what are two roles of CRP?
prime bacteria for destruction by the complement system helpful for diagnosing inflammation
65
what type of antigens to T cells recognise?
only peptide antigens
66
what is the antigen receptor on a T cell called?
the T cell receptor (TCR)
67
what is the TCR?
a membrane bound protein heterodimer, made of an alpha chain and a beta chain
68
what are the two main types of T cells?
CD4+ T cells | CD8+ T cells
69
what do CD4+ T cells do?
regulate the immune system
70
what do CD8+ T cells do?
kill virally infected body cells
71
when can a T cell recognise a peptide antigen?
only when it is presented to the TCR on an MHC molecule
72
what is an MHC molecule?
major histocompatibility complex molecule
73
what do T cells do once activated?
they clonally proliferate and differentiate into different types of effector cells
74
what do naive CD4+ T cells proliferate into?
Th0 cells
75
what four types of cells can a Th0 cell differentiate into?
Th1 Th2 Tfh regulatory T cells
76
what is a Tfh cell?
a T follicular helper cell
77
what do activated CD8+ cells differentiate into?
cytotoxic T cells
78
what is the function of MHC molecules?
they display antigens to T cells
79
what is another name for an MHC molecule?
HLA (human leukocyte antigens)
80
what are the two types of MHC molecules?
class I MHC and class II MHC
81
what cells express class I MHC molecules?
all nucleated cells
82
what cells do MHC I molecules present antigens to?
CD8+ T cells
83
what cells express class II MHC molecules?
antigen presenting cells
84
what cells do MHC II molecules present antigens to?
CD4+ T cells
85
what cell is the bridge between the innate and acquired immune systems?
dendritic cells
86
what is the main function of a dendritic cell?
presents antigens to T cells
87
where do B cells mature?
the bone marrow
88
what cell is responsible for the humoral immune response?
B cells
89
where do T cells mature?
the thymus
90
what is an antibody?
a protein that binds to a specific antigen
91
what is an antibody made of?
two light chains and two heavy chains
92
what induces the adaptive immune responses?
antigens
93
what is an antigen?
any substance which can cause an adaptive immune response by activating B/T cells
94
what is another name for antibodies?
immunoglobulins
95
name the five classes of antibodies
``` IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD ```
96
where do lymphocytes develop originally?
the bone marrow
97
what is monitored at lymph nodes?
tissue for infection
98
what is monitored by the spleen?
blood for infection
99
what is monitored by MALT?
GI infections
100
what is MALT?
mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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