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Y1 Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

name three things that can manipulate the immune system

A

immunisation
anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive drugs
cancer immunotherapy

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2
Q

what are the two main divisions of the immune system?

A

innate and adaptive/acquired

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3
Q

which type of immunity is present from birth?

A

innate

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4
Q

which type of immunity is generally non-specific?

A

innate

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5
Q

which type of immunity provides a rapid response?

A

innate

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6
Q

what is the first line of defence against infection?

A

the chemical and physical barriers of the innate immune system

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7
Q

name four soluble factors produced by the innate immune system

A

cytokines
acute phase proteins
inflammatory mediators
complement proteins

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8
Q

name four immune cells produced by the innate immune system

A

macrophages
mast cells
NK cells
neutrophils

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9
Q

how is adaptive immunity acquired?

A

it is induced by the presence of foreign material

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10
Q

which type of immunity is usually specific to a pathogen?

A

adaptive immunity

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11
Q

which type of immunity produces a slow response?

A

adaptive immunity

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12
Q

name two soluble factors produced by the adaptive immune system

A

cytokines

antibodies

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13
Q

name two immune cells of the adaptive immune response

A

B cells

T cells

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14
Q

name three things that provide a barrier to infection

A

skin
mucous
commensal bacteria

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15
Q

what is the most important barrier to infection?

A

the skin

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16
Q

what type of barrier is the skin?

A

a physical and physiological barrier

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17
Q

name three ways in which the skin keeps pathogens out of the body

A

cells are thick and tightly packed

has low pH and low oxygen tension

produces secretions against infections

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18
Q

where does the skin produce secretions against infections from?

A

the sebaceous glands

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19
Q

name four secretions against infection secreted by the skin

A

hydrophobic oils
lysozyme
ammonia
antimicrobial peptides

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20
Q

where in the body is lined with mucous membranes?

A

all body cavities that come into contact with the outside environment

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21
Q

how does mucous create a barrier to infection?

A

it traps bacteria which are then removed by ciliated cells

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22
Q

what are commensal bacteria?

A

bacteria that normally reside at epithelial surfaces

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23
Q

how do commensal bacteria create a barrier to infection?

A

they compete with pathogens for scarce resources and produce secretions that inhibit the growth of many pathogens

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24
Q

when are the innate immune responses initiated?

A

when physical barriers are breached and pathogens invade

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25
Q

what three ways can pathogens be ingested by macrophages?

A

pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis

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26
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

ingestion of fluid surrounding cells

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27
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

internalisation of molecules bound to membrane receptors

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28
Q

what facilitates the ingestion of pathogens by immune cells?

A

opsonisation

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29
Q

what is opsonisation?

A

the coating of pathogens by soluble factors (called opsonins) to enhance phagocytosis

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30
Q

give four examples of opsonins

A

C3b
CRP
IgG
IgM

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31
Q

what cell is activated if a pathogen is too large to be ingested by phagocytes?

A

mast cells

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32
Q

what do mast cells do when a pathogen binds?

A

undergo degranulation

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33
Q

what is degranulation?

A

the release of pro-inflammatory substances

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34
Q

what is a PRR and what cells are they found on?

A

pattern recognition receptor

immune cells

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35
Q

what is a PAMP and what cells are they found on?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

pathogens

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36
Q

give four examples of pro-inflammatory mediators

A

nitric oxide
prostaglandins
histamine
TNF a

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37
Q

name three phagocytic cells

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils

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38
Q

what three cells are tissue resident innate immune cells?

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
mast cells

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39
Q

what does the complement system do when activated?

A

creates a cascade of chemical reactions that promote an immune response

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40
Q

what four things are triggered by activation of the complement system?

A

opsonisation
pathogen killing
inflammation
leukocyte recruitment

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41
Q

what are the three possible complement pathways?

A

classical
mannose binding lectin
alternative

42
Q

what is the main step in the complement system?

A

C3 converted to C3b and C3a

43
Q

what do C3b and C3a activate?

A

downstream complement proteins

44
Q

what is C3?

A

an acute phase protein

45
Q

what cells express mannose?

A

pathogens only, which is why it activates the complement system

46
Q

how does MBL activate the complement system?

A

it activates C3 convertase which is needed to convert C3 to C3b and C3a

47
Q

what role does C3b play in the complement system?

A

it activates an amplification loop which further activates C3 convertase to activate the pathway via the alternative system

48
Q

what activates the downstream complement pathway and how?

A

active C3b associates with other proteins and produces a C5 convertase

49
Q

what does C5 convertase do?

A

cleaves inactive C5 into C5a and C5b

50
Q

what does active C5b do?

A

associates with other complement proteins to produce membrane attack complex (MAC)

51
Q

what is membrane attack complex?

A

a pore forming channel which inserts into the pathogens membrane/wall

52
Q

how does MAC destroy pathogens?

A

extracellular salts and water enter the pathogen via the pore MAC creates, causing it to swell and burst

53
Q

name two anaphylatoxins

A

C3a

C5a

54
Q

what do anaphalotoxins do?

A

promote changes in vasculature, inflammation and leukocyte recruitment by activating mast cells and acting on blood vessels

55
Q

what can C3b be used as?

A

a powerful opsonin

56
Q

what are the three killing mechanisms of a neutrophil?

A

phagocytosis
degranulation
NETs

57
Q

what two methods do neutrophils use to kill pathogens in phagocytosis?

A

phagolysosomal killing

ROS dependent killing

58
Q

what is neutrophil degranulation?

A

release of anti-bacterial proteins directly into the e extracellular matrix

59
Q

what is a negative to neutrophil degranulation?

A

can cause tissue damage and inflammation

60
Q

what does NET stand for in neutrophilic killing?

A

neutrophil extracellular traps

61
Q

how do NETs work?

A

neutrophils release them and they trap and kill pathogens

62
Q

what body cells mediate the acute phase response and how?

A

hepatocytes

produce many of the acute phase proteins

63
Q

what is CRP?

A

C reactive protein

64
Q

what are two roles of CRP?

A

prime bacteria for destruction by the complement system

helpful for diagnosing inflammation

65
Q

what type of antigens to T cells recognise?

A

only peptide antigens

66
Q

what is the antigen receptor on a T cell called?

A

the T cell receptor (TCR)

67
Q

what is the TCR?

A

a membrane bound protein heterodimer, made of an alpha chain and a beta chain

68
Q

what are the two main types of T cells?

A

CD4+ T cells

CD8+ T cells

69
Q

what do CD4+ T cells do?

A

regulate the immune system

70
Q

what do CD8+ T cells do?

A

kill virally infected body cells

71
Q

when can a T cell recognise a peptide antigen?

A

only when it is presented to the TCR on an MHC molecule

72
Q

what is an MHC molecule?

A

major histocompatibility complex molecule

73
Q

what do T cells do once activated?

A

they clonally proliferate and differentiate into different types of effector cells

74
Q

what do naive CD4+ T cells proliferate into?

A

Th0 cells

75
Q

what four types of cells can a Th0 cell differentiate into?

A

Th1
Th2
Tfh
regulatory T cells

76
Q

what is a Tfh cell?

A

a T follicular helper cell

77
Q

what do activated CD8+ cells differentiate into?

A

cytotoxic T cells

78
Q

what is the function of MHC molecules?

A

they display antigens to T cells

79
Q

what is another name for an MHC molecule?

A

HLA (human leukocyte antigens)

80
Q

what are the two types of MHC molecules?

A

class I MHC and class II MHC

81
Q

what cells express class I MHC molecules?

A

all nucleated cells

82
Q

what cells do MHC I molecules present antigens to?

A

CD8+ T cells

83
Q

what cells express class II MHC molecules?

A

antigen presenting cells

84
Q

what cells do MHC II molecules present antigens to?

A

CD4+ T cells

85
Q

what cell is the bridge between the innate and acquired immune systems?

A

dendritic cells

86
Q

what is the main function of a dendritic cell?

A

presents antigens to T cells

87
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

the bone marrow

88
Q

what cell is responsible for the humoral immune response?

A

B cells

89
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

the thymus

90
Q

what is an antibody?

A

a protein that binds to a specific antigen

91
Q

what is an antibody made of?

A

two light chains and two heavy chains

92
Q

what induces the adaptive immune responses?

A

antigens

93
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any substance which can cause an adaptive immune response by activating B/T cells

94
Q

what is another name for antibodies?

A

immunoglobulins

95
Q

name the five classes of antibodies

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
96
Q

where do lymphocytes develop originally?

A

the bone marrow

97
Q

what is monitored at lymph nodes?

A

tissue for infection

98
Q

what is monitored by the spleen?

A

blood for infection

99
Q

what is monitored by MALT?

A

GI infections

100
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

Y1 Principles (38 decks)

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