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SONOCAN ABD Review > Thyroid Notes > Flashcards

Thyroid Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape and location of the thyroid gland?

A

Butterfly shaped and located at the base of the neck.

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2
Q

What are the lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

2 lobes (right and left) joined by an isthmus.

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3
Q

What is a common anatomical feature of the thyroid gland?

A

Asymmetry is common (RT>LT).

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4
Q

What anatomical structures are located posterior to the thyroid gland?

A

Trachea, esophagus, and neurovascular bundle.

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5
Q

What is the size range of the thyroid gland?

A

Length: 4 to 6 cm, AP: 2 cm, Width: 2 cm, Isthmus: 2 to 6 mm.

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6
Q

What arteries supply blood to the thyroid gland?

A

Right and left superior and inferior thyroid arteries.

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7
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of the thyroid gland?

A

Homogeneous with medium-level echoes and a hyperechoic thin capsule.

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8
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

The follicle.

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9
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin.

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10
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Under secretion of thyroid hormones resulting in decreased body metabolism.

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11
Q

What are common symptoms of hypothyroidism? 5

A
  1. Weight gain
  2. Hair loss
  3. Lethargy
  4. Cold intolerance
  5. Constipation.
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12
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Over secretion of hormones resulting in increased body metabolism.

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13
Q

What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism? 4

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Increased appetite
  3. Nervousness
  4. Palpitations.
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14
Q

What lab tests are used to assess thyroid function?

A

Serum T3, serum T4, serum TSH, and thyroid antibodies.

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15
Q

What is a thyroid scan?

A

A nuclear medicine test that determines thyroid function using radioisotopes.

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16
Q

What is a common benign focal disease of the thyroid?

A

Cysts, which can be true cysts or represent cystic degeneration of a follicular adenoma.

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17
Q

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

A chronic lymphocytic inflammatory disease and the most common cause of adult hypothyroidism.

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18
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

Diffuse heterogeneous enlargement of the gland, hypoechoic with possible discreet nodules.

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19
Q

What causes gland swelling and pain in thyroid conditions?

A

Due to a viral infection, the gland swells rapidly, is very painful and tender.

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20
Q

What is the initial thyroid function in viral infections?

A

Initially hyperthyroidism.

21
Q

Does viral thyroid infection progress to hypothyroidism?

A

Rarely progresses to hypothyroidism.

22
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a gland affected by viral infection? 3

A
  1. Enlarged gland
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Normal or decreased vascularity.
23
Q

What characterizes Silent Thyroiditis? 3

A
  1. Enlarged gland with no pain;
  2. Sonographically resembles Hashimoto’s 3. Clinically resembles Subacute Granulomatous.
24
Q

What is Invasive Fibrous (Riedel’s Struma)?

A

The rarest form of thyroid disease, typically resulting in complete destruction of the thyroid gland.

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Hyperplasia in thyroid conditions? 3

A
  1. Goiter
  2. Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid
  3. With or without functional disturbances.
26
Q

What causes a goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency or a defect in normal hormone synthesis.

27
Q

What is Grave’s Disease?

A

A diffuse toxic goiter causing thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disorder.

28
Q

What are the common symptoms of Grave’s Disease? 3

A
  1. Exophthalmos
  2. Skin thickening at low extremities
  3. Clubbed toes and fingers.
29
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of Grave’s Disease? 5

A
  1. Diffuse symmetrical enlargement
  2. Lobulated
  3. Homogenous or heterogenous
  4. Hypoechoic, ‘thyroid inferno’ -
  5. Hypervascularity.
30
Q

What is a Non-toxic Goiter?

A

Related to a lack of iodine in the diet, with no functional disturbances and slow growth.

31
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a Non-toxic Goiter? 2

A
  1. Diffusely and uniformly enlarged
  2. Smooth or nodular echotexture.
32
Q

What characterizes a Multinodular Goiter?

A

Adenomatous condition due to iodine deficiency leading to inadequate thyroid hormone production.

33
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a Multinodular Goiter? 4

A
  1. Enlarged and often asymmetrical
  2. Diffusely heterogeneous with multiple nodules
  3. Calcifications
  4. Cystic areas.
34
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant thyroid diseases?

A

Women > men, typically slow growing, solitary nodules more worrisome than multiple.

35
Q

What percentage of solitary ‘cold’ nodules are malignant?

A

20% of solitary ‘cold’ nodules are malignant.

36
Q

What are common signs and symptoms of thyroid malignancy? 4

A
  1. Pressure symptoms
  2. Painless palpable neck mass
  3. Change in voice
  4. Hoarseness.
37
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of malignant thyroid lesions? 7

A
  1. Variable
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Poorly defined borders
  4. Jagged borders
  5. Absence of halo or incomplete halo
  6. Microcalcifications
  7. Taller than wide.
38
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary thyroid cancer (60-70%).

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Papillary thyroid cancer?

A
  1. Least aggressive
  2. Slow growing
  3. May spread to cervical lymph nodes
  4. Often asymptomatic.
40
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of Papillary thyroid cancer? 5

A
  1. Solid
  2. Often hypoechoic
  3. Microcalcifications
  4. Tiny - 10cm
  5. Hypervascularity.
41
Q

What is Follicular thyroid cancer? How common is it?

A

15 to 20% of thyroid cancers, slow growing but more aggressive than papillary.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Medullary thyroid cancer? How common is it?

A

5% of thyroid cancers, hard bulky mass, metastasizes readily, secretes calcitonin.

43
Q

What characterizes Anaplastic thyroid cancer? How common is it? 3

A
  1. Rarest and most aggressive
  2. Invades adjacent structures
  3. Typically in older patients (> 60 years).
44
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of Anaplastic thyroid cancer? 5

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Solid
  3. Irregular
  4. Encasing/invading blood vessels
  5. Neck muscles.
45
Q

What is Lymphoma in the context of thyroid diseases? 3

A
  1. Primarily non-Hodgkin’s
  2. Rapidly growing mass
  3. History of Hashimoto’s.
46
Q

What are the characteristics of metastatic thyroid diseases? 3

A
  1. Infrequent
  2. Spread through hematogenous route
  3. Commonly from breast, lung, colon, melanoma.
47
Q

What are the associated sonographic characteristics of benign thyroid lesions? 5

A
  1. Regular
  2. Well-defined borders
  3. Thin hypoechoic halo
  4. Hyperechoic
  5. Large calcifications around the periphery.
48
Q

What are the associated sonographic characteristics of malignant thyroid lesions? 3

A
  1. Irregular borders
  2. Absence of a halo
  3. Microcalcifications.

SONOCAN ABD Review (32 decks)

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