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SONOCAN ABD Review > Peritoneum, Non Cardiac Chest, Invasive Procedures, Patient Care Notes > Flashcards

Peritoneum, Non Cardiac Chest, Invasive Procedures, Patient Care Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is ascites?

A

Abnormal collection of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

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2
Q

What is the bare area?

A

A large triangular area devoid of peritoneal covering located between the two layers of the coronary ligament.

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3
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic analysis.

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4
Q

What do the coronary ligaments do? 2

A
  1. The left coronary ligament suspends the left lobe of the liver from the diaphragm
  2. The right coronary ligament serves as a barrier between the subphrenic space and Morison pouch.
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5
Q

What is chylous ascites? What is this most commonly associated with?

A
  1. An accumulation of chyle and emulsified fats in the peritoneal cavity
  2. Most commonly associated with an abdominal neoplasm.
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6
Q

What is exudative ascites? What is this most commonly associated with?

A
  1. An accumulation of fluid, pus, or serum in the peritoneal cavity
  2. Most commonly associated with malignant or infectious processes.
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7
Q

What is fine-needle aspiration?

A

A thin needle and gentle suction is used to obtain tissue samples for pathological testing.

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8
Q

What is the greater omentum? What does it cover?

A
  1. A double-fold of peritoneum attached at the greater curvature of the stomach and superior portion of the duodenum
  2. Covers the transverse colon and small intestines.
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9
Q

What is hemoperitoneum?

A

The presence of extravasated blood in the peritoneal cavity.

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10
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity.

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11
Q

What is the lesser omentum? What does it enclose?

A
  1. A portion of peritoneum extending from the portal fissure of the liver to the diaphragm
  2. Encloses the lower end of the esophagus.
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12
Q

What is loculated ascites?

A

The presence of numerous small fluid spaces in the peritoneal cavity.

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13
Q

What is a lymphocele?

A

A collection of lymph from injured lymph vessels.

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14
Q

What is mesenteric?

A

A double layer of peritoneum suspending the intestine from the posterior abdominal wall.

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15
Q

What is a mesenteric cyst?

A

A congenital thin-walled cyst located between the leaves of the mesentery; most commonly located in the small-bowel mesentery.

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16
Q

What is paracentesis?

A

A cannula or catheter is passed into the abdominal cavity to allow outflow of fluid into a collecting device for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

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17
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane containing lymphatics, vessels, fat, and nerves.

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18
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

A thin space located between the two layers of pleura.

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19
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

An accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes.

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20
Q

What is the pouch of Douglas?

A

A pouch formed by the inferior portion of the parietal peritoneum.

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21
Q

What is omentum?

A

An extension of the peritoneum surrounding one or more organs adjacent to the stomach.

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22
Q

What is a seroma?

A

A benign pocket of serous fluid that may develop after surgery, trauma, or inflammation.

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23
Q

What is thoracentesis?

A

A needle is inserted through the chest wall and pleural cavity to aspirate fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

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24
Q

What is transudative ascites? What does this most commonly associate with?

A
  1. An accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity containing small protein cells
  2. Most commonly associated with cirrhosis or congestive heart failure.
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25
Q

What are the functions of the peritoneum?

A

Secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between structures and suspends and enfolds organs.

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26
Q

What is the anatomy of the peritoneum?

A

An extensive serous membrane lining the entire abdominal wall, composed of two layers: parietal (lines the cavity) and visceral (covers the organs).

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27
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A transparent double fold of peritoneum that spreads like an apron inferiorly to cover most of the abdominopelvic cavity.

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28
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

Membranous extension from the portal fissure to the lesser curvature of the stomach and first portion of the duodenum.

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29
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs? 14

A
  1. Appendix
  2. Cecum
  3. Duodenal bulb
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Ileum
  6. Jejunum
  7. Liver
  8. Ovaries
  9. Sigmoid colon
  10. Spleen
  11. Stomach
  12. Transverse colon
  13. Upper one-third of the rectum
  14. Uterine body.
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30
Q

What are extraperitoneal organs? 5

A
  1. Urinary bladder
  2. Distal ureters
  3. Uterus/fallopian tubes
  4. Prostate/seminal vesicles
  5. Distal one-third of the rectum.
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31
Q

Where is the lesser sac (omental bursa) located in relation to the pancreas and stomach? How does it communicate with the subhepatic space?

A
  1. Located anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach
  2. Communicates with the subhepatic space through the foramen of Winslow.
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32
Q

What is Morison pouch (hepatorenal pouch)?

A

Located superior and anterior to the right kidney and posterior to the lateral portion of the right lobe of the liver; frequent site for fluid to collect.

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33
Q

What are paracolic gutters?

A

Located lateral to the colon; serve as conduits for fluid between the deep pelvis and upper abdomen.

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34
Q

What are pelvic spaces?

A

Include retrovesical pouch, retrouterine pouch, vesicouterine pouch, and prevesical or retropubic space.

35
Q

Where does the subhepatic space extend from? What is the most common site of?

A

Extends from the inferior border of the liver to a deep recess anterior to the right kidney; most common site for fluid to collect.

36
Q

How is the subphrenic spaces divided?

A

Divided into left and right subphrenic spaces by the falciform ligament.

37
Q

What is the location of the peritoneum?

A

Extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the retroperitoneum and paraspinal tissues.

38
Q

What is the anatomy of the pleura?

A

A delicate serous membrane composed of a visceral and parietal layer.

39
Q

What is the pleural cavity? The pleural fluid does what?

A
  1. A thin space between the two layers of the pleura
  2. Pleural fluid lubricates the pleural surfaces.
40
Q

What are examination techniques for peritoneal and thoracic cavity?

A

Use the highest frequency possible for optimal resolution; patient positioning varies by procedure.

41
Q

What are indications for peritoneal cavity examination? 4

A
  1. Increase in abdominal girth
  2. Chronic liver disease
  3. Congestive heart failure
  4. Ultrasound-guided paracentesis or biopsy.
42
Q

What are indications for pleural cavity examination? 3

A
  1. Shortness of breath
  2. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis
  3. Evaluate fluid collection demonstrated on previous medical imaging study.
43
Q

What laboratory values are significant?

A

Decreased hematocrit is suspicious for internal bleeding; leukocytosis is suspicious for infection.

44
Q

What are the clinical findings for abscess? 5

A
  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Fever
  3. Leukocytosis
  4. Fatigue
  5. Nausea/vomiting.
45
Q

What are the clinical findings for hematoma? 4

A
  1. Dependent on etiology
  2. Abdominal distention
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Shortness of breath with large collections.
46
Q

What are the clinical findings for lymphocele? 3 (s/s)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Discomfort.
47
Q

What are the clinical findings for mesenteric cyst? 2

A
  1. Colicky abdominal pain
  2. Intestinal obstruction.
48
Q

What are the clinical findings for omental cyst? (s/s) 2

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Small cystic structure located adjacent to the stomach or lesser sac.
49
Q

What is a renal cyst?

A

A small cystic structure located adjacent to the stomach or lesser sac.

50
Q

What is ascites?

A

Anechoic fluid collection in the dependent portion of the thorax.

51
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

An accumulation of blood outside of blood vessels.

52
Q

What is an abscess?

A

A collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.

53
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal growth of tissue, which can be benign or malignant.

54
Q

What demographic is mesenteric lymphomatous commonly found in?

A

Found more frequently with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

55
Q

What is the ‘sandwich sign’?

A

An anechoic mass containing a central echogenic target.

56
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Swelling of lymph nodes.

57
Q

What is a bowel?

A

The part of the digestive system where food is processed.

58
Q

What is an omental cyst?

A

A small cystic structure located adjacent to the stomach or lesser sac.

59
Q

What is congenital failure of the mesentery to fuse?

A

A developmental defect leading to abnormal mesenteric structure.

60
Q

What are the clinical findings of peritoneal carcinomatosis? 2 (s/s)

A

Abdominal distention and abdominal pain.

61
Q

What are the sonographic findings of peritoneal carcinomatosis? 3

A
  1. Irregular masses
  2. Echo poor nodules
  3. Thickening of peritoneum and omentum.
62
Q

What are the abnormality etiologies in noncardiac chest abnormalities? 4

A
  1. Diaphragmatic paralysis
  2. Peripheral neuropathy
  3. Phrenic nerve palsy
  4. Shingles.
63
Q

What are the clinical findings of diaphragmatic paralysis? 4

A
  1. Shortness of breath
  2. Syncope
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Chest pain.
64
Q

What are the sonographic findings of diaphragmatic paralysis?

A

Unusual or absent movement of the diaphragm with normal respiration.

65
Q

What are the contraindications for invasive procedures? 3

A
  1. Bleeding disorder
  2. Patient inability to give consent
  3. Patient inability to cooperate.
66
Q

What are the risk factors of invasive procedures? 5

A
  1. Bleeding
  2. Infection
  3. Seeding
  4. Inadequate sample
  5. Inconclusive results.
67
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

A larger core needle is used to remove a small piece of living tissue.

68
Q

What is fine-needle aspiration?

A

A very slender needle along with gentle suction is used to obtain tissue samples.

69
Q

What is paracentesis?

A

A cannula or catheter is passed into the abdominal cavity to allow outflow of fluid.

70
Q

What is thoracentesis?

A

Perforating the chest wall and pleural cavity with a needle to aspirate fluid.

71
Q

What are vital signs?

A

Refers to temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure.

72
Q

What is the normal temperature for adults?

A

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.

73
Q

What is the normal pulse rate for adults?

A

60 to 65 beats per minute.

74
Q

What is the normal respiration rate for adults?

A

16 to 20 breaths per minute.

75
Q

What is the normal systolic pressure range for adults?

A

100 to 120 mm/Hg.

76
Q

What is the normal diastolic pressure range for adults?

A

60 to 80 mm/Hg.

77
Q

What are infection control protective measures?

A

Prevent the spread of communicable diseases among patients, personnel, and visitors.

78
Q

What is the best protection to stop the spread of pathogens?

A

Hand washing for a minimum of 20 seconds.

79
Q

What should gloves do?

A

Cover the wrist and should only be used once.

80
Q

What is the most protective clothing?

A

Gowns that are long and large enough to cover your clothing.

81
Q

What is the purpose of masks in infection control?

A

Used for airborne particle and droplet protection.

82
Q

What should be inspected for patient safety?

A

Transducer and cable for fraying or defects.

83
Q

What should be verified before beginning any invasive procedure?

A

Verify site of procedure, correct invasive procedure, patient’s name and birthdate.

SONOCAN ABD Review (22 decks)

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