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SONOCAN ABD Review > Abdominal Vasculature Notes > Flashcards

Abdominal Vasculature Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Dilatation of the aorta equal to or exceeding 3 cm in diameter; also known as AAA.

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2
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A localized widening or dilatation of a blood vessel.

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3
Q

What is aortic dissection?

A

Spontaneous longitudinal separation of the intima and media layers creating a false lumen.

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4
Q

What is arterial stenosis? What is it usually caused by?

A
  1. Narrowing or constriction of an artery
  2. Usually caused by atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, or fibrointimal hyperplasia.
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5
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Pathological thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls.

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6
Q

What is an arteriovenous fistula? What is this also known as?

A
  1. An abnormal connection between an artery and vein
  2. Also known as arteriovenous shunting.
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7
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of lipids and cellular debris in the medial and intimal layers of the arterial walls.

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8
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

Small saccular aneurysm primarily affecting the cerebral arteries.

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9
Q

What is an ectatic aneurysm?

A

Dilatation of an artery compared with a more proximal segment; in the abdominal aorta, the ectatic dilatation does not exceed 3.0 cm.

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10
Q

What is a fusiform aneurysm?

A

Characterized by a uniform dilatation of the arterial walls; most common type of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

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11
Q

What is mesenteric ischemia?

A

Decrease in arterial supply to the intestinal system.

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12
Q

What is a mycotic aneurysm?

A

A saccular dilatation of a blood vessel caused by a bacterial infection.

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13
Q

What is a pseudoaneurysm? What is this also known as?

A
  1. Dilatation of an artery as a result of damage to one or more layers of the arterial wall caused by trauma or aneurysm rupture
  2. Also known as pulsatile hematoma.
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14
Q

What is a saccular aneurysm?

A

Dilatation of an artery characterized by a focal outpouching of one arterial wall; most often caused by trauma or infection.

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15
Q

What are the functions of the vascular system?

A

Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart to organs and tissues to ensure oxygenation and metabolism.

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16
Q

What are the exceptions in the vascular system? (arteries)

A

Pulmonary artery and umbilical arteries in the fetus.

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17
Q

What is the role of arterioles? 2

A
  1. Main controllers of blood pressure and blood flow
  2. Responsible for waveform morphology.
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18
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Connect the arterial and venous systems and exchange nutrients and waste.

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19
Q

What do veins and venules do?

A

Carry oxygen depleted blood toward the heart.

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20
Q

What are the exceptions for veins?

A

Pulmonary vein and umbilical vein of the fetus.

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21
Q

What is the structure of venous walls compared to arterial walls?

A

Venous walls are thinner and less elastic compared with arterial walls.

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22
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

Outer layer of a blood vessel, comprised of elastic tissue surrounded by a thin fibrous layer.

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23
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Middle muscle layer of a blood vessel, comprised of collagenous fiber and smooth muscle.

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24
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

Inner layer of a blood vessel, composed of three layers giving it a smooth surface.

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25
Q

What is the origin of the abdominal aorta?

A

Originates at the diaphragm and courses inferiorly until it bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries.

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26
Q

What are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Common iliac arteries.

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27
Q

What does the common iliac artery bifurcate into?

A

External and internal (hypogastric) iliac arteries.

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28
Q

What does the external iliac artery become after passing beneath the inguinal ligament?

A

Common femoral artery.

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29
Q

What does the internal iliac artery bifurcate into?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions.

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30
Q

What is the celiac axis?

A

First major branch of the abdominal aorta, arising from the anterior aspect.

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31
Q

What does the celiac axis branch into? 3

A

Splenic, left gastric, and common hepatic arteries.

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32
Q

What is the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)?

A

Second major branch of the abdominal aorta, arising from the anterior surface inferior to the celiac axis.

33
Q

What does the SMA supply? 6

A
  1. Jejunum
  2. Ileum
  3. Cecum
  4. Ascending colon
  5. Portions of the transverse colon
  6. Head of the pancreas.
34
Q

What is the location of the main renal arteries? (R + L)

A
  1. Right renal artery arises from the anterior lateral aspect
  2. Left renal artery arises from the posterior lateral aspect.
35
Q

How do the gonadal arteries course in relation to the psoas muscles?

A

Course parallel to the psoas muscle into the pelvis.

36
Q

What is the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)?
Where is it located on the abdominal aorta?

A

Last major branch of the abdominal aorta, superior to the aortic bifurcation.

37
Q

What does the IMA supply? 4

A
  1. Left transverse colon
  2. Descending colon
  3. Upper rectum
  4. Sigmoid.
38
Q

Where does the inferior phrenic artery arise from? What does it supply?

A
  1. Arises from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta
  2. Supplying the inferior portion of the diaphragm.
39
Q

What do lumbar arteries supply?

A

Abdominal wall and spinal cord.

40
Q

Where is the median sacral artery located in relation to the inferior mesenteric artery and the aortic bifurcation?

A

Located inferior to the inferior mesenteric artery and superior to the aortic bifurcation.

41
Q

What is the gastroduodenal artery (GDA)? Where is it located?

A
  1. Branch of the common hepatic artery
  2. Located between the superior portion of the duodenum and the anterior surface of the pancreatic head.
42
Q

What is the common hepatic artery? What is it termed now?

A
  1. A branch of the celiac axis that gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery
  2. Now termed the proper hepatic artery.
43
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply?

A

Supplies the left side of the lesser curvature of the stomach.

44
Q

What is the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

A

Formed at the junction of the right and left common iliac veins, carrying oxygen-depleted blood from the body to the right atrium.

45
Q

What are the main venous tributaries of the IVC? 6

A
  1. Lumbar veins
  2. Right gonadal vein
  3. Renal veins
  4. Right suprarenal vein
  5. Inferior phrenic vein
  6. Hepatic veins.
46
Q

What do common iliac veins drain?

A

Blood from the lower extremities and pelvis.

47
Q

What is the role of renal veins?

A

Course anterior to the renal arteries and drain blood from the kidneys.

48
Q

What do hepatic veins do?

A

Lie at the boundaries of the hepatic segments and course toward the IVC.

49
Q

What does the MPV drain? How much blood does it supply to the liver? (5)

A
  1. Drains the gastrointestinal tract
  2. Pancreas
  3. Spleen
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Providing approximately 70% to 75% of the liver’s blood supply.
50
Q

Where does the splenic vein join? what does it form?

A

Joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the main portal vein.

51
Q

What does the superior mesenteric vein form with the splenic vein? How does it course with in terms of the SMA?

A

Courses parallel to the superior mesenteric artery and joins the splenic vein to form the main portal vein.

52
Q

What is the normal adult diameter of the abdominal aorta?

A

10 mm or less.

53
Q

What causes an increase in the caliber of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inspiration and following a meal.

54
Q

What organs drain into the abdominal aorta? 3

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Pancreas
  3. Portion of the stomach.
55
Q

Where is the abdominal aorta located? (in relation to the left kidney, Left renal artery + vein, neck/body of the pancreas)

A
  1. Anterior to the left kidney
  2. Anterior to left renal artery and vein
  3. Posterior to the neck/body of the pancreas.
56
Q

What is the course of the superior mesenteric vein?

A

Courses parallel to the superior mesenteric artery.

57
Q

What does the superior mesenteric vein join to form?

A

The main portal vein.

58
Q

What is the normal adult diameter of the superior mesenteric vein?

A

10 mm or less.

59
Q

What does the inferior vena cava lie adjacent to?

A

The abdominal aorta.

60
Q

What is the size of the normal abdominal aorta?

A

Should not exceed 3 cm in diameter.

61
Q

What is the typical diameter of the inferior vena cava?

A

Usually less than 2.5 cm, should not exceed 3.7 cm.

62
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of the abdominal aorta?

A

Anechoic tubular structure with thin hyperechoic wall margins.

63
Q

What is the recommended fasting time for adults before an ultrasound of the renal arteries?

A

6 to 8 hours.

64
Q

What transducer frequency is recommended for adults?

A

3.0 to 5.0 MHz.

65
Q

What patient position is usually used for examination?

A

Supine position.

66
Q

What should be documented when evaluating an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Measurements from outer edge to outer edge in the anterior posterior and transverse planes.

67
Q

What is a common risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Arteriosclerosis.

68
Q

What is the average growth rate of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

2 mm/year.

69
Q

What is the clinical finding of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Pulsatile abdominal mass.

70
Q

What is the sonographic finding of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Typically fusiform-shaped dilatation of the aorta.

71
Q

What is the risk of rupture for an abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 6 cm?

A

16% within 5 years.

72
Q

What is a pseudoaneurysm?

A

Trauma to the arterial wall permits the escape of blood into surrounding tissues.

73
Q

What is the clinical finding of a ruptured aneurysm?

A

Severe abdominal pain and hypotension.

74
Q

What is the sonographic finding of a ruptured aneurysm?

A

Asymmetrical or unilateral paraaortic hypoechoic mass.

75
Q

What is the typical appearance of an abdominal aortic dissection?

A

Thin hyperechoic membrane within the aorta.

76
Q

What is a common symptom of mesenteric ischemia?

A

Postprandial pain.

77
Q

What is a common finding in arteriovenous shunts?

A

Presence of a bruit or ‘thrill’.

78
Q

What can cause edema in the inferior vena cava?

A

Thrombosis.

SONOCAN ABD Review (22 decks)

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