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SONOCAN ABD Review > Spleen Notes > Flashcards

Spleen Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an accessory spleen?

A

A nodule of normal splenic tissue commonly located near the splenic hilum.

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2
Q

What is anemia?

A

A decrease in hemoglobin levels in the blood.

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3
Q

What is asplenia syndrome? What are three thingsis it assocaited with?

A
  1. Absence of the spleen
  2. Associated with:
    - Two right lungs
    - Midline liver
    - Gastrointestinal and urinary anomalies.
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4
Q

What is bilateral left-sidedness? What is normally present? What anomalies are common?

A
  1. A syndrome in which normally unpaired organs develop more symmetrically in mirror image
  2. Two spleens, one on each side, are usually present
  3. Cardiovascular anomalies are common.
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5
Q

What is a hamartoma? What is also known as?

A

A rare benign neoplasm composed of lymphoid tissue, also known as splenoma.

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6
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

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7
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells and returns carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

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8
Q

What is an intraparenchymal hematoma?

A

Hematoma located within the splenic parenchyma.

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9
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Proliferation of white blood cells.

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10
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

White blood cell count above 20,000 mm3.

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11
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

White blood cell count below 4000 mm3.

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12
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Malignant disorder involving the lymphoreticular system.

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13
Q

What is polycythemia vera? What does this result in?

A
  1. A slow-growing cancer in which your bone marrow makes too many red blood cells
  2. Results in thickening the blood and slowing its flow, which may cause blood clots.
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14
Q

What is polysplenia? What are four things this assocaited with?

A
  1. Multiple small spleens
  2. Aassociated with
    - Two left lungs
    - Gastrointestinal
    - Cardiovascular
    - Biliary anomalies.
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15
Q

What is sickle cell anemia? What are five things this disorder lead to?

A
  1. A genetic mutation in African Americans resulting in altered shape and phasicity of red blood cells
  2. Leading to:
    - Increased blood viscosity
    - Stasis
    - Small vessel occlusion
    - Infarction
    - Necrosis.
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16
Q

What is a splenic artery aneurysm?

A

A localized dilatation of the splenic artery.

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17
Q

What is splenic infarction?

A

Occlusion of the main splenic artery or one of its branches.

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18
Q

What is a subcapsular hematoma?

A

Hematoma located between the splenic capsule and parenchyma.

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19
Q

What is a wandering spleen?

A

Refers to an abnormal location of the spleen.

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20
Q

What are the functions of the spleen? 5

A
  1. Removes foreign material from the blood
  2. Initiates an immune reaction
  3. Destroys old red blood cells
  4. Serves as a reservoir for blood
  5. Involved in erythropoiesis in the fetus.
21
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Intraperitoneal organ predominantly located in the left hypochondriac region, inferior to the diaphragm and anterior to the left kidney.

22
Q

What does the splenic artery arise from and how does it enter the spleen? The spelnic vein enters the liver how?

A
  1. The splenic artery arises from the celiac axis, dividing into six branches after entering the splenic hilum
  2. The splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the main portal vein.
23
Q

What is an accessory spleen? How common is this?

A

Improper splenic fusion, commonly found in 30% of the population.

24
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the spleen, defined as a length exceeding 13 cm in adults.

25
Q

What are normal serum levels for erythrocytes?

A

Male: 4.6 to 6.2 million/mm3; Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm3.

26
Q

What are normal serum levels for leukocytes?

A

4500 to 11,000 mm3.

27
Q

What are normal serum levels for hematocrit?

A

Male: 40 to 54 mL/dL; Female: 37 to 47 mL/dL.

28
Q

What are normal serum levels for hemoglobin?

A

Male: 13 to 18 g/dL; Female: 12 to 16 g/dL.

29
Q

What is the most common benign splenic neoplasm?

A

Cavernous hemangioma.

30
Q

Splenic candidiasis is assocaited with what kind of disorders?

A

Multiple splenic infections associated with patients with autoimmune disorders.

31
Q

What is the clinical finding of splenic rupture? (s/s) 3

A
  1. Left upper quadrant pain
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Decrease in hematocrit.
32
Q

What are LUQ pain Acute Stage characteristics? What may it demonstrate?

A
  1. Peripheral hypoechoic wedge-like mass with well-defined margins.
  2. May demonstrate variable shape and irregular wall margins.
33
Q

LUQ pain Chronic Stage characteristics? 2

A
  1. Hyperechoic mass (fibrosis) with well-defined margins
  2. Splenic atrophy.
34
Q

Common causes of splenic trauma

A

Blunt abdominal trauma, splenomegaly, infectious disorder.

35
Q

Clinical findings of splenic trauma? (s/s) 7

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Left upper quadrant pain
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Palpable mass
  5. Abdominal pain
  6. Decrease in hematocrit
  7. Hypovolemic shock.
36
Q

Sonographic findings in splenic trauma? What may it demonstrate? Subcapsular ruptures appear as what?

A
  1. Hypoechoic or complex mass
  2. May demonstrate posterior acoustic enhancement.
  3. Subcapsular rupture appears as a crescent-shaped fluid collection.
37
Q

Differential considerations for splenic trauma. 6

A

Evaluate abdominal cavity for:
1. Free fluid
2. Recent splenic infarction
3. Abscess
4. Cyst
5. Pleural effusion
6. Malignancy of the spleen.

38
Q

How common are hemangiosarcoma? What demographics are affected?

A
  1. Rare splenic malignancy
  2. Typically in individuals aged 50–60 years.
39
Q

Common clinical findings of hemangiosarcoma. 8 (s/s)

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Left upper quadrant pain
  3. Weight loss
  4. Fatigue
  5. Fever
  6. Leukocytosis
  7. Thrombocytopenia
  8. GI bleeding.
40
Q

Sonographic findings of hemangiosarcoma. 2

A
  1. Hyperechoic or complex mass
  2. Splenomegaly.
41
Q

Differential considerations for hemangiosarcoma. 4

A
  1. Frequently metastasizes to the liver
  2. Abscess
  3. Hematoma
  4. Cavernous hemangioma.
42
Q

Clinical findings of leukemia 9 (s/s)

A
  1. Proliferation of white blood cells
  2. Male prevalence
  3. Lymphadenopathy
  4. Palpable spleen
  5. Joint pain
  6. Weakness
  7. Fever
  8. Easy bruising
  9. Recurrent infections.
43
Q

Sonographic findings of leukemia. 5

A
  1. Elevated white blood cells (WBC)
  2. Anemia
  3. Diffuse increase in parenchyma echogenicity
  4. Hypoechoic or hyperechoic nodules.
  5. Splenomegaly
44
Q

What is Lymphoma? How can we categorize it generally?

A
  1. Malignant disorder involving the lymphoreticular system
  2. Divided into Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s.
45
Q

Common clinical findings of lymphoma. (s/s) 7

A
  1. Male prevalence
  2. Lymphadenopathy
  3. Low-grade fever
  4. Weight loss
  5. Fatigue
  6. Night sweats
  7. Anemia.
46
Q

Sonographic findings of lymphoma. 4

A
  1. Elevated WBC (lymphocytes)
  2. Hypoechoic splenic mass(es)
  3. Ill-defined margins
  4. May demonstrate splenomegaly.
47
Q

Common metastatic lesions to the spleen. 4

A
  1. Melanoma
  2. Breast
  3. Lung
  4. Ovary.
48
Q

Characteristics of splenic candidiasis. 3

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Typically multiple hypoechoic or target lesions
  3. Multiple abscesses.

SONOCAN ABD Review (22 decks)

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