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SONOCAN ABD Review > Reteroperitoneum Notes > Flashcards

Reteroperitoneum Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Addison disease? What is it also known as?

A

A life-threatening condition caused by partial or complete failure of the adrenocortical function. Also known as adrenocortical insufficiency.

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2
Q

What is adrenogenital syndrome?

A

A congenital disorder causing an increase in production of androgens.

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3
Q

What is Conn syndrome?

A

An uncommon condition resulting from excessive aldosterone secretions.

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4
Q

What is Cushing syndrome? What is it also known as?

A
  1. A metabolic disorder resulting from chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
  2. Also known as hyperadrenalism.
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5
Q

What are diaphragmatic crura? How are they identified as?

A
  1. Fibers that connect the vertebral column and diaphragm
  2. Identified as hypoechoic linear structures.
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6
Q

What is a floating aorta?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes posterior to the aorta giving the impression that the aorta is floating above the spine.

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7
Q

What is hyperaldosteronism?

A

Excessive production of aldosterone.

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8
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Focal or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes.

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9
Q

What is neuroblastoma?

A

A malignant tumor of the adrenal gland found in young children.

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10
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

A rare vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla.

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11
Q

What does retroperitoneal refer to?

A

Pertaining to organs closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall.

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12
Q

What is retroperitoneal fibrosis?

A

Dense fibrous tissue proliferation typically confined to the paravertebral and central retroperitoneum areas.

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13
Q

What are the suprarenal glands?

A

Adrenal glands.

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14
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

Produce hormones, with the medulla and cortex functioning independently.

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15
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroids including mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.

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16
Q

What is the main steroid produced by the adrenal cortex? What does it do?

A

Aldosterone, which helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

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17
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Aid in the body’s response to stress and regulate metabolism.

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18
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla? What does this include?

A

Catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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19
Q

What is the anatomy of the adrenal glands?

A

Consists of two regions: the medulla (inner portion) and cortex (outer portion).

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20
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Retroperitoneal structures located in Gerota’s fascia within the perinephric space.

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21
Q

What is the size of an adult adrenal gland?

A

Measures approximately 3 to 5 cm in length, 2 to 3 cm in width, and 1 cm in height.

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22
Q

What arteries supply the adrenal glands?

A

The superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries.

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23
Q

What is the normal sonographic appearance of adrenal glands?

A

The right adrenal gland is shaped like a triangle or pyramid; the left adrenal gland is semilunar or crescent-shaped.

24
Q

What preparation is required for an ultrasound of the adrenal glands?

A

No preparation is required, but fasting may improve visualization.

25
Q

What transducer selection is recommended for adrenal ultrasound?

A

Use the highest frequency possible; adults typically use 3.0 to 5.0 MHz.

26
Q

What is the examination protocol for adrenal ultrasound?

A

A systematic approach in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes examining the adrenal glands and retroperitoneum.

27
Q

What are common indications for adrenal examination? 7

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Abdominal distension
  3. Severe anxiety
  4. Sweating
  5. Tachycardia
  6. Weight loss
  7. Diabetes mellitus.
28
Q

What is the normal range for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?

A

10 to 80 pg/mL.

29
Q

What is the normal range for aldosterone?

A

Recumbent 3 to 10 ng/dL; erect 5 to 30 ng/dL.

30
Q

What is the normal range for potassium?

A

Serum 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L.

31
Q

What is the normal range for sodium?

A

Serum 135 to 145 mEq/L.

32
Q

What is the normal range for serum cortisol?

A

7 to 25 mcg/dL.

33
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A benign cortical mass of epithelial origin, which can be functioning or nonfunctioning.

34
Q

What is adrenocortical carcinoma?

A

An epithelial neoplasm of the adrenal cortex that can be functioning or nonfunctioning.

35
Q

How common is a neuroblastoma? What is the demographic common with this?

A

The third most common malignancy in infancy, common in young children.

36
Q

What is Addison disease characterized by?

A

Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function, leading to loss of cortisol and aldosterone secretions.

37
Q

What is Conn syndrome characterized by?

A

Excessive production of aldosterone, often due to adrenal adenoma.

38
Q

What is hypotension?

A

A condition characterized by low blood pressure.

Symptoms include weakness, salt cravings, elevated serum potassium, and decreases in serum sodium and glucose.

39
Q

What is adrenogenital syndrome?

A

A congenital disorder causing excessive secretion of sexual hormones and adrenal androgens.

40
Q

What are the effects of an adrenal tumor or hyperplasia? 4

A
  1. Increased androgen production leading to increases in body hair
  2. Deepening of the voice
  3. Atrophy of the uterus
  4. Acne.
41
Q

What is Conn syndrome?

A

Excessive production of aldosterone, commonly due to adrenal adenoma.

It has a 70% prevalence in females.

42
Q

What is Cushing disease? What does it lead to?

A
  1. A rare disorder resulting from excessive cortisol production
  2. Leading to fat accumulation, fatigue, emotional changes, and more.
43
Q

What is the retroperitoneum?

A

The area of the body behind the peritoneum.

44
Q

What are the borders of the retroperitoneum? (superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, lateral)

A
  1. Superior: diaphragm,
  2. Inferior: pelvic rim,
  3. Anterior: posterior parietal peritoneum,
  4. Posterior: posterior abdominal wall muscles and spine,
  5. Lateral: transversalis fascia and peritoneal portions of the mesentery.
45
Q

What is the anterior pararenal space?

A

Fat area between the posterior peritoneum and Gerota’s fascia, including pancreas and portions of the colon.

46
Q

What is the perirenal space?

A

Space that includes kidneys, adrenal glands, and surrounding fat, separated from the pararenal space by Gerota’s fascia.

47
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph of debris and organisms, and form lymphocytes and antibodies to fight infection.

48
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a normal lymph node?

A

Hypoechoic solid mass with a hyperechoic fatty center, smooth margins, oval shape, and internal vascular blood flow.

Usually measures less than 1 cm.

49
Q

What indicates an abnormal lymph node sonographically? 3

A
  1. Enlarged hypoechoic mass exceeding 1 cm
  2. Loss of hyperechoic fatty center
  3. Irregular margins may indicate malignancy.
50
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Any disorder characterized by localized or generalized enlargement of lymph nodes or vessels.

51
Q

What are the sonographic findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis? What may it demonstrate?

A
  1. Hypoechoic bulky midline mass
  2. May demonstrate associated hydronephrosis.
52
Q

What is a urinoma? Where is it typically located?

A

A cyst filled with urine, typically located in the perinephric space.

Appears as an elliptical anechoic fluid collection.

53
Q

What is a fibroma? What does it typically appear as?

A
  1. A neoplasm consisting largely of fibrous connective tissue
  2. Appearing as a hyperechoic mass with well-defined margins.
54
Q

What is a liposarcoma? How common is it in the retroperitoneal cavity? What does it look like sonographically?

A
  1. A malignant growth of fat cells
  2. Most common retroperitoneal neoplasm
  3. Appearing as a hyperechoic mass with thick wall margins.
55
Q

What is a teratoma? How might it appear?

A

A neoplasm composed of different types of tissues, appearing as a complex mass.

56
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a retroperitoneal abscess? What might it demonstrate?

A
  1. Hypoechoic or complex mass with irregular margins
  2. May demonstrate posterior acoustic shadowing.

SONOCAN ABD Review (22 decks)

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