Neoplastic diseases Flashcards
What are neoplasms?
Neoplasms are tumors or abnormal tissue growths where cells proliferate at a faster rate. They can be diffuse or focal, benign or malignant.
What is the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms? 5
Benign neoplasms are typically
1. Asymptomatic
2. Well-defined
3. Slow-growing
4. Do not metastasize.
5. Malignant neoplasms can be primary or metastatic and are cancerous.
What are the characteristics of benign neoplasms? 4
- Benign neoplasms are usually asymptomatic
- Have no altered lab tests, are well-defined and encapsulated
- Slow-growing
- Hypovascular or avascular.
What is a hemangioma? (How common is it, who commonly is affected, how symptomatic is it, what happens during pregnancy)
- Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver
- More common in women
- Typically asymptomatic
- May increase in size during pregnancy or estrogen therapy.
What is the sonographic appearance of a hemangioma? 6
The sonographic appearance of a hemangioma is
1. Typically small (<3cm)
2. Well-defined
3. Homogeneous
4. Hyperechoic
5. May include a heterogeneous
6. Hypoechoic central area.
What is focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)? How symptomatic is it? Who is commonly affected?
- FNH is a hyperplastic lesion containing all elements of normal liver tissue
- More common in women
- Typically asymptomatic.
What is the sonographic appearance of focal nodular hyperplasia? 3
- FNH appears as a subtle ‘stealth lesion’ with contour abnormalities
- <8cm in size, a central area of decreased echogenicity
- Central Doppler flow.
What are adenomas in the liver? 4
- Adenomas are less common than FNH
- Linked to oral contraceptives and type 1 GSD
- Usually asymptomatic
- Can hemorrhage or infarct.
What is the sonographic appearance of liver adenomas? 4
- Adenomas typically appear as solid
- Solitary
- Well-encapsulated masses
- Usually hyperechoic but can be variable in echogenicity.
What is a lipoma? How does it usually appear?
Lipoma is a very rare benign tumor that is usually asymptomatic and appears hyperechoic on sonography.
What are the treatment options for hemangiomas?
The treatment for hemangiomas typically involves repeat ultrasound in 3-6 months to check for changes.
Cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign neoplasm of what organ? How symptomatic is it?
Cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign neoplasm of the spleen, congenital, and usually asymptomatic.
What is the sonographic appearance of a cavernous hemangioma? 2
The sonographic appearance of a cavernous hemangioma is
1. Variable
2. Ranging from hyperechoic to complex with cystic degeneration.
What is a hamartoma? How does it appear? 4
- Hamartoma is a rare benign neoplasm composed of lymphoid tissue
- Appearing homogeneous
- Solid
- Echogenic on sonography.
What is an adenoma in the gallbladder? How symptomatic is it? How does it appear sonographically?
- Adenoma is a true neoplasm in the gallbladder that is pedunculated
- Usually asymptomatic
- Appears hyperechoic and homogeneous.
What is cholesterolosis? How is it characterized?
- Cholesterolosis is the accumulation of cholesterol in the gallbladder wall
- Characterized by multiple non-shadowing masses fixed to the gallbladder wall.
What is adenomyomatosis? How does it appear?
- Adenomyomatosis is an exaggeration of the RA sinuses in the gallbladder, which can be focal or diffuse
- Appears as hyperechoic foci with comet tail artifact.
What are islet cell tumors? How serious are these?
Islet cell tumors are the most common benign tumors of the pancreas, which can be benign or malignant and functioning or non-functioning.
What is angiomyolipoma? Who is most commonly affected? Is it symptomatic?
- Angiomyolipoma is a renal hamartoma located in the renal cortex
- Most common in middle-aged females
- Typically asymptomatic.
What is the sonographic appearance of angiomyolipoma? 2
- Angiomyolipoma appears hyperechoic and well-defined
- Typically unilateral with low blood flow.
What does desmoid tumor arise from? Where is it located? How fast does it grow?
- Desmoid tumor arises from connective tissue
- Usually located in the anterior abdominal wall
- Slow-growing but infiltrative locally.
What are malignant neoplasms?
Malignant neoplasms are cancerous growths originating from various types of tissue, including carcinomas and sarcomas.
What is the most common malignant neoplasm in the liver? Who is most commonly affected? What is it associated with?
- HCC is the most common primary malignancy of the live
- More common in males
- Associated with risk factors like alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis.
What is the sonographic appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma? 3
- HCC typically appears variable
- Often hypoechoic with an anechoic halo
- May show portal/hepatic venous invasion.