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SONOCAN ABD Review > Neck And Salivary Glands Review > Flashcards

Neck And Salivary Glands Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a brachial cleft cyst?

A

A congenital diverticulum of the brachial cleft located directly below the angle of the mandible.

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2
Q

What is exophthalmos? What disease is it assocaited with?

A
  1. Bulging of the eyeballs
  2. Associated with hyperthyroidism.
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3
Q

What is de Quervain syndrome?

A

Subacute thyroiditis secondary to a viral infection.

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4
Q

What is a goiter?

A

A pronounced swelling of the neck caused by an enlarged thyroid gland.

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5
Q

What is Graves disease? What is it usually associated with?

A
  1. A multisystemic autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism
  2. Usually associated with an enlarged thyroid and exophthalmos.
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6
Q

What is Hashimoto disease? What is it the most common cause of? What is it associated with?

A
  1. A progressive autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland
  2. Most common cause of hypothyroidism
  3. Associated with an increased risk of developing a thyroid malignancy.
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7
Q

What is hypercalcemia? What disease is it assocaited with?

A
  1. An excessive amount of calcium in the blood
  2. Associated with hyperparathyroidism.
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8
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism? What two diseases might it lead to?

A
  1. Excessive function of the parathyroid glands
  2. May lead to osteoporosis and nephrolithiasis.
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9
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland; associated with Graves disease.

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10
Q

What is hypocalcemia? What is it associated with?

A
  1. A deficiency of calcium in the blood
  2. Associated with hypoparathyroidism.
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11
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism? What two things is it assocaited with?

A
  1. A condition of insufficient secretion of the parathyroid glands
  2. Associated with hypocalcemia and primary parathyroid dysfunction.
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12
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Decreased activity of the thyroid gland; associated with Hashimoto disease.

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13
Q

What are longus colli muscles? What injuries is it commonly associated with?

A
  1. Neck muscles located on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra
  2. Commonly associated with whiplash injuries.
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14
Q

What is myxoedema? How is it chacterized by? What may it lead to?

A
  1. The most severe form of hypothyroidism
  2. Characterized by swelling of the hands, face, and feet
  3. May lead to coma and death.
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15
Q

What is postpartum thyroiditis?

A

A transient thyroiditis seen following pregnancy.

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16
Q

What are sternocleidomastoid muscles? What does it do?

A
  1. Lateral and superficial neck muscles that attach to the sternum, clavicle, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone
  2. Act to flex and rotate the head.
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17
Q

What are strap muscles? What muscles does it include?

A
  1. A group of long and flat muscles located anterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe
  2. Includes the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles.
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18
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

An embryonic remnant cyst located between the isthmus of the thyroid and the tongue.

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19
Q

What is the function of the thyroid glands? What does it process? what three hormones does it secrete?

A
  1. Maintain body metabolism, growth, and development
  2. Process iodine to manufacture, store, and secrete hormones
  3. Secrete hormones Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
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20
Q

How is the secretion of thyroid hormones controlled?

A

Primarily controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland.

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21
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

Maintain homeostasis of blood calcium concentrations; secretes parathormone.

22
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands? 4

A

Exocrine glands that secrete enzymes as saliva to aid in:
1. Mouth lubrication
2. Digestion
3. Maintain tooth integrity
4. Antibacterial activity.

23
Q

What is the function of the carotid arteries?

A

Supply blood to the head and neck.

24
Q

What is the function of the jugular veins?

A

Drain blood from the head and neck.

25
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland in the body? What is the anatomy of the thyroid glands?

A
  1. Largest endocrine gland in the human body
  2. Divided into the right and left lobes with a connecting isthmus.
26
Q

What is the vasculature of the thyroid glands? 2

A
  1. Superior thyroid arteries supply blood flow to the superior portion
  2. Inferior thyroid arteries supply blood flow to the inferior portion.
27
Q

What is the anatomy of the parathyroid glands?

A

Two paired, bean-shaped glands located posterior to the thyroid gland.

28
Q

What is the anatomy of the salivary glands?

A

Exocrine glands divided into lobules with a hilum where branching blood vessels, ducts, and nerves are present.

29
Q

What is the location of the esophagus?

A

Located medial to the left thyroid lobe and posterior to the trachea.

30
Q

What is the location of the trachea?

A

Forms the medial border of the thyroid glands.

31
Q

What is the size of the thyroid glands in adults?

A

4.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 1.3 to 1.8 cm in height, and 1.5 to 2.0 cm in width.

32
Q

What is the size of the parathyroid glands?

A

Up to 6 mm in length, 2 mm in height, and 4 mm in width.

33
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of the thyroid lobes?

A

Appear as homogeneous solid structures demonstrating a medium-gray echo pattern with a surrounding thin hyperechoic line.

34
Q

What are the examination techniques for thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Systematic evaluation and bilateral imaging of the upper, mid, and lower thyroid lobes and isthmus in the sagittal and transverse planes.

35
Q

What are the indications for examination of thyroid and parathyroid glands? 4

A
  1. Palpable neck mass
  2. Abnormal thyroid function tests
  3. Increase in calcium levels
  4. Dysphagia.
36
Q

What is the normal range for Thyrotropin (TSH)?

A

Normal range is 3 to 42 ng/mL.

37
Q

What regulates thyroid hormone secretion?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone secretion and production.

38
Q

What is the normal range for Thyroxine (T4)?

A

Normal range is 4.5 to 12.0 μg/dL.

39
Q

What is the normal range for Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

Normal range is 70 to 190 ng/dL.

40
Q

What is the normal range for Calcitonin?

A

Normal range is <100 pg/mL.

41
Q

What is the normal range for Parathormone (PTH)?

A

Normal range is 12 to 68 pg/mL.

42
Q

What is the normal range for Calcium?

A

Normal range is 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL.

43
Q

What are common symptoms of Hyperthyroidism? 9

A
  1. Nervousness
  2. Exophthalmos
  3. Tremors
  4. Constant hunger
  5. Weight loss
  6. Heat intolerance
  7. Palpitations
  8. Increased heart rate
  9. Diarrhea.
44
Q

What are common symptoms of Hypothyroidism? 10

A
  1. Weight gain
  2. Hair loss
  3. Mental and physical lethargy
  4. Skin dryness
  5. Feeling cold
  6. Muscle cramps
  7. Constipation
  8. Arthritis
  9. Slow metabolic rate
  10. Decreased heart rate.
45
Q

What percentage of thyroid nodules are benign?

A

60% of thyroid nodules are benign.

46
Q

What is the most common thyroid neoplasm?

A

Adenoma is the most common thyroid neoplasm.

47
Q

What is a common finding in a Thyroid Cyst?

A

Anechoic mass with smooth wall margins.

48
Q

What is a common symptom of Hyperparathyroidism? 9

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Anorexia
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Muscle pain and weakness
  5. Stone formation
  6. Gout
  7. Arthritis
  8. Weight loss
  9. Bone demineralization.
49
Q

What is the most common vascular mass in infants?

A

Hemangioma is the most common vascular mass in infants.

50
Q

What are common findings in Sialadenitis? (s/s) 3

A
  1. Painful swelling bilaterally
  2. Swelling during eating
  3. Enlarged, diffusely hypoechoic gland.
51
Q

What is a common finding in Sialolithiasis? 2

A
  1. Palpable mass with intraductal
  2. Intraglandular echogenic focus.

SONOCAN ABD Review (22 decks)

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