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SONOCAN ABD Review > Gastrointestinal Tract Notes > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac orifice?

A

Opening at the upper end of the stomach.

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2
Q

What is chyme?

A

A semiliquid mass composed of food and gastric juices.

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3
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Periods of intestinal inflammation; occurs most frequently in the ileum.

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4
Q

What is a diverticulum?

A

A saccular outpouching of the mucous membrane through a tear in the muscular layer of the gastrointestinal tract.

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5
Q

What is a fecalith?

A

A hard-compacted mass of feces in the colon.

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6
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the stomach.

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7
Q

What is gastroparesis? 2

A
  1. Failure of the stomach to empty;
  2. Caused by a decrease in gastric motility.
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8
Q

What is the graded compression technique?

A

Gradual increase in pressure on the anterior abdominal wall to displace normal overlying bowel gas.

Commonly used when evaluating the appendix.

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9
Q

What is the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

The longer, convex, left border of the stomach.

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10
Q

What are haustra?

A

Recesses or sacculations demonstrated in the walls of the colon.

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11
Q

What is ileus?

A

Obstruction of the small intestines.

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12
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Prolapse of one segment of bowel into the lumen of an adjacent segment of bowel.

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13
Q

What is the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

The shorter, concave, right border of the stomach.

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14
Q

What is the ligament of Treitz?

A

Muscle fibers within peritoneal folds at the duodenal/jejunum junction.

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15
Q

What is malrotation?

A

A congenital abnormality of the bowel where the intestine or bowel does not fold or properly rotate in early fetal development.

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16
Q

What is Meckel diverticulum? What is it caused by?

A
  1. An anomalous sac protruding from the ileum
  2. Caused by an incomplete closure of the yolk stalk.
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17
Q

What is the McBurney sign?

A

Extreme pain or tenderness over McBurney point; associated with appendicitis.

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18
Q

What is a mucocele?

A

Distention of the appendix or colon with mucus.

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19
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic serial contractions of the smooth muscle of the intestines that forces food through the digestive tract.

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20
Q

What is the pyloric orifice?

A

Opening at the lower end of the stomach.

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21
Q

What is pylorospasm?

A

Spasm of the pyloric sphincter; associated with pyloric stenosis.

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22
Q

What are rugae?

A

Ridges or folds in the stomach lining.

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23
Q

What is the target sign?

A

A circular structure demonstrating alternate hyperechoic and hypoechoic wall layers.

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24
Q

What is volvulus? What might happen as a result?

A
  1. Abnormal twisting of a portion of the intestines or bowel
  2. Can impair blood flow.
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25
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

Extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and colon.

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26
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract? 5

A
  1. Ingest food, digest food
  2. Secrete mucus and digestive enzymes
  3. Absorb and break down food, reabsorb fluid
  4. Form solid feces
  5. Release fecal waste.
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27
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

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28
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Principal organ of digestion located between the esophagus and small intestines.

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29
Q

What are the divisions of the small intestines?

A

Divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

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30
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Divided into the superior, descending, transverse, and ascending portions.

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31
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Begins at the ligament of Treitz and extends from the duodenum to the ileum.

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32
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Extends from the jejunum to the junction with the cecum.

33
Q

What is the colon?

A

Extends from the terminal ileum to the anus and secretes large quantities of mucus.

34
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Blind pouch of the colon located in the right lower quadrant.

35
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Narrow, blind-end, tubular structure communicating with the cecum.

36
Q

What is the ascending colon?

A

Extends superiorly from the cecum.

37
Q

What is the transverse colon?

A

Courses transversely from the right to the left side of the upper abdomen.

38
Q

What is the descending colon?

A

Begins inferior to the spleen and terminates at the sigmoid.

39
Q

What is the sigmoid colon?

A

Narrowest portion of the colon, terminating at the rectum.

40
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Terminal portion of the colon located between the sigmoid and anus.

41
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

Lower portion of the rectum.

42
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Located to the left of midline, posterior to the left lobe of the liver.

43
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Located in the left upper quadrant extending transversely and slightly to the right of midline.

44
Q

Where are the small intestines located?

A

Located in the central and lower portion of the abdominal cavity.

45
Q

Where is the duodenum located?

A

Superior portion is located anterior to the gastroduodenal artery.

46
Q

Where is the jejunum located?

A

Located in the umbilical and left iliac regions.

47
Q

Where is the ileum located?

A

Located in the umbilical and right iliac regions.

48
Q

Where is the colon located?

A

Forms an upside-down U shape extending from the right lower quadrant to the left lower quadrant.

49
Q

The stomach wall should not exceed what thickness when distended ?

A

Should not exceed 5 mm in thickness when distended.

50
Q

What is the normal bowel wall thickness?

A

Should not exceed 4 mm in thickness.

51
Q

What is the normal appendix wall thickness?

A

Should not exceed 2 mm in wall thickness.

52
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of the GI tract?

A

Demonstrates alternating hyperechoic and hypoechoic circular echo patterns.

53
Q

What is the examination preparation for GI tract ultrasound?

A

Fasting may improve visualization; two-hour fasting is recommended for pyloric examinations.

54
Q

What transducer selection is recommended for adults?

A

Use 5.0 to 9 MHz linear transducer.

55
Q

What is the patient positioning for stomach examination?

A

Semi-Fowler places fluid in the body of the stomach.

56
Q

What is the examination protocol for GI tract?

A

Systematic approach in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes.

57
Q

What are indications for GI examination? 8 (s/s)

A
  1. Abdominal or right lower quadrant pain
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Vomiting
  4. Weight loss
  5. Fever
  6. Abdominal mass
  7. Diarrhea
  8. Absence of bowel sounds.
58
Q

What is cholecystokinin?

A

Hormone produced in the walls of the small intestines in response to high levels of proteins and fat in the chyme.

59
Q

What is gastrin?

A

Hormone released by the stomach that stimulates secretion of gastric acids.

60
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach.

61
Q

What is secretin?

A

Hormone produced in the small intestines that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate.

62
Q

What are common symptoms of gastrointestinal issues? 8 (s/s)

A
  1. Right lower quadrant pain
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Vomiting
  4. Weight loss
  5. Fever
  6. Abdominal mass
  7. Diarrhea
  8. Absence of bowel sounds.
63
Q

What is Cholecystokinin?

A

A hormone produced in the walls of the small intestines in response to high levels of proteins and fat in the chyme.

64
Q

What is Gastrin?

A

A hormone released by the stomach that stimulates secretion of gastric acids.

65
Q

What is Pepsin?

A

A protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach.

66
Q

What is Secretin?

A

A hormone produced in the small intestines that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate to decrease the acid content of the intestines.

67
Q

What is the most common type of stomach carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinoma, which accounts for 80% of cases.

68
Q

What are common clinical findings of gastric carcinoma? 6 (s/s)

A
  1. Upper abdominal discomfort
  2. Nausea/vomiting
  3. Decrease in appetite
  4. Fatigue
  5. Weight loss
  6. Abdominal mass.
69
Q

What are sonographic findings of gastric carcinoma? 3

A
  1. Hypervascular mass
  2. Gastric wall thickening
  3. Left upper quadrant mass.
70
Q

Which demographic is affected by hypertrophied pyloric stenosis? When is it most common?

A
  1. Male prevalence is 4:1
  2. Most common between 2–10 weeks of age.
71
Q

What are the symptoms of hypertrophied pyloric stenosis? 4 (s/s)

A
  1. Projectile vomiting
  2. Weight loss or poor weight gain
  3. Decreased urination
  4. Palpable upper abdominal mass (olive sign).
72
Q

What is Crohn disease? What can this disease lead to?

A

1.A chronic inflammation of the intestines
2.Can lead to complications like fistula formation and abscess.

73
Q

What are common clinical findings of Crohn disease? 6 (s/s)

A
  1. Abdominal cramping
  2. Blood in stool
  3. Diarrhea
  4. Fever
  5. Decrease in appetite
  6. Weight loss.
74
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Crohn disease? 3

A
  1. Noncompressible thick-walled loops of bowel
  2. Loss of wall differentiation
  3. Hyperemic bowel.
75
Q

What is the most common tumor of the stomach?

A

Polyp, which is an abnormal growth of the mucous membrane tissue.

76
Q

What are common symptoms of acute appendicitis? 4 (s/s)

A
  1. Periumbilical or right lower quadrant pain
  2. Fever
  3. Nausea/vomiting
  4. Leukocytosis.
77
Q

What are sonographic findings of acute appendicitis? 2

A
  1. Noncompressible tubular structure generally located in the RLQ
  2. Anterior-posterior diameter of the appendix exceeding 6 mm.
78
Q

What are common findings of colon carcinoma? 4 (s/s)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Rectal bleeding
  3. Change in bowel patterns
  4. GI obstruction.
79
Q

What are the sonographic findings of colon carcinoma? 3

A
  1. Hypoechoic thickening of the bowel wall
  2. Hyperechoic mass
  3. Compressed wall layers.

SONOCAN ABD Review (22 decks)

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