Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SONOCAN ABD Review > Pancreas Notes > Flashcards

Pancreas Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What do acini cells produce? 4

A

Pancreatic enzymes to help digest
1. Fats
2. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acute pancreatitis?

A

Acute inflammation causing escape of pancreatic enzymes from the acinar cells into the surrounding tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What commonly causes acute pancreatitis?

A

Most commonly caused by biliary disease followed by alcohol abuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is amylase?

A

A digestive enzyme produced in the pancreas that aids in converting starches to sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the ampulla of Vater located?

A

Opening in the duodenum for the entrance of the common bile duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis?

A

Multiple, persistent, or prolonged episodes of pancreatitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the Courvoisier sign indicate?

A

Painless jaundice associated with a hydropic gallbladder caused by the obstruction of the distal common bile duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

An autosomal recessive exocrine gland disorder where organs become clogged with mucus secreted by the exocrine glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does ‘endocrine’ refer to?

A

A process in which a group of cells secrete a substance into the blood or lymph circulation that has a specific effect on tissues in another part of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is exocrine?

A

The process of secreting outwardly through a duct to the surface of an organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the duct of Santorini?

A

Secondary secretory duct of the pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the duct of Wirsung?

A

Primary secretory duct of the pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does glucose control?

A

The blood sugar level in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is lipase?

A

An enzyme produced primarily by the pancreas that changes fats to fatty acids and glycerol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does pancreaticoduodenal refer to?

A

Pertaining to the pancreas and duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a pancreatoduodenectomy?

A

A surgical resection of the pancreatic head or periampullary area; relieves obstruction of the biliary tree.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is phlegmon? What does it result in?

A
  1. An extension of pancreatic inflammation into the peripancreatic tissues
  2. Results in an enlarged solid inflammatory mass.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the portosplenic confluence?

A

The joining of the portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a pseudocyst? What is it caused by?

A
  1. A space or cavity, without a lining membrane, containing gas or liquid
  2. Caused by a leakage of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

A sheath of muscle fibers surrounding the distal common bile and pancreatic ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas? 2

A
  1. Exocrine: Secretion of digestive enzymes
  2. Endocrine: Secretion of hormones into the bloodstream.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes?

A

Chyme from the duodenum stimulates the release of hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and contraction of the gallbladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Stimulates the release of glucose, amino and fatty acids out of the bloodstream into the tissue cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the pancreas anatomy?

A

An elongated organ lying transverse and obliquely in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions of the body.

26
Q

What are the divisions of the pancreas?

A

Divided into the tail, body, neck, head, and uncinate process.

27
Q

What is the tail of the pancreas?

A

Most superior portion lying anterior and parallel with the splenic vein.

28
Q

What is the body of the pancreas?

A

Largest and most anterior aspect of the pancreas.

29
Q

What separates the head from the body of the pancreas?

A

The neck.

30
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas located?

A

Medial to the descending duodenum and gallbladder.

31
Q

What is the uncinate process?

A

Portion of the pancreatic head directly posterior to the superior mesenteric vein.

32
Q

What is pancreatic divisum? How common is this abnormality?

A
  1. Failure of normal fusion of the ducts.
  2. Most common variant occurring in 10% of the population
33
Q

What is annular pancreas? What does it cause?

A

Rare anomaly where the head of the pancreas surrounds the duodenum, causing obstruction.

34
Q

Where does ectopic pancreatic tissue occur? 4

A

Occurs in the
1. Greater curvature of the stomach
2. Pylorus
3. Duodenal bulb
4. Proximal jejunum.

35
Q

What does cystic fibrosis do to the pancreas?

A

Causes the pancreas to become hyperechoic due to fibrosis or fatty replacement.

36
Q

What is the normal range for serum amylase?

A

23 to 85 U/L.

37
Q

What does an increase in serum lipase indicate? 3

A
  1. Pancreatitis
  2. Obstruction of the pancreatic duct
  3. Pancreatic carcinoma.
38
Q

What is the normal range for glucose?

A

≤ 100 mg/dL (fasting), ≤ 145 mg/dL (2 hours postprandial).

39
Q

What are the indications for an ultrasound examination of the pancreas? 4

A
  1. Severe epigastric pain
  2. Elevated pancreatic enzymes
  3. Pancreatitis
  4. Weight loss.
40
Q

What are the common findings in chronic pancreatitis? 9

A
  1. Regular borders
  2. Calcifications
  3. Pseudocyst formation
  4. Prominent pancreatic duct
  5. Fatty replacement
  6. Cystic fibrosis
  7. Exocrine gland disorder.
  8. Atrophy
  9. Neoplasm

Occurs almost exclusively in Caucasians.

41
Q

What are the clinical findings of pancreatitis? 5 (s/s)

A
  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Bloating
  3. Flatulence
  4. Diabetes
  5. Failure to thrive.

Increase in parenchymal echogenicity (due to multiple small cysts).

42
Q

What are the sonographic findings of pancreatitis? 5

A
  1. Small cysts
  2. May appear heterogenous
  3. nonvisualization of the gallbladder
  4. Biliary sludge
  5. Thick, irregular folds in the GI tract (“donut sign”).
43
Q

What is an abscess in the context of pancreatitis? (Why does it develop? When does it occur?)

A

Develops as a result of infection of the necrotic pancreas, occurring 2-4 weeks following an episode of acute pancreatitis.

Clinical findings include abdominal pain, leukocytosis, nausea/vomiting, fever.

44
Q

What are the sonographic findings of an abscess? 3

A
  1. Thick walled anechoic/hypoechoic complex mass
  2. Irregular or smooth borders
  3. Fluid-debris levels.
45
Q

What causes duodenal obstruction in pancreatitis?

A

High protein concentration in the pancreas enzymes can irritate the duodenum.

Clinical findings include abdominal pain, abdominal distention, nausea/vomiting, constipation, limited bowel peristalsis.

46
Q

What are the signs of hemorrhage in pancreatitis? 5

A
  1. Rapid development of inflammation causing necrosis and hemorrhage
  2. Severe abdominal pain,
  3. Nausea/vomiting
  4. Abdominal distention
  5. Elevated amylase and lipase.
47
Q

What are the sonographic findings of hemorrhage? 3

A
  1. Well-defined homogeneous mass
  2. Cystic mass with debris
  3. Fluid-debris levels.
48
Q

What is phlegmon?

A

Extension of pancreatic inflammation into the peripancreatic tissues, presenting as enlarged solid inflammation with retroperitoneal fat necrosis.

Clinical findings include severe abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, elevated amylase and lipase.

49
Q

What are the sonographic findings of phlegmon? 3

A
  1. Hypoechoic solid mass adjacent to the pancreas
  2. Posterior acoustic enhancement
  3. Irregular borders.
50
Q

What is a pseudocyst? Where is this most likley located?

A
  1. Focal collection of inflammatory necrotic tissue, blood, and pancreatic secretions
  2. Most often located in the lesser sac.

Most commonly associated with alcoholic or biliary disease.

51
Q

What are the complications of a pseudocyst?

A

Rupture causing sudden shock and peritonitis (50% mortality rate).

Clinical findings include abdominal pain, palpable mass, solitary or multiple, persistent elevated amylase.

52
Q

What are the sonographic findings of a pseudocyst? 3

A
  1. Anechoic or complex mass
  2. Well-defined borders
  3. Variable shape.
53
Q

What is the pathology of cysts of the pancreas? 3

A
  1. Congenital anomalous development of the pancreatic duct or acquired retention cyst
  2. Parasitical cyst
  3. Neoplastic cyst.
54
Q

What are the clinical findings of pancreatic cysts? (S/s) 3

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Dyspepsia
  3. Jaundice.

Sonographic findings include anechoic mass, smooth borders, posterior acoustic enhancement.

55
Q

What are the types of cystic neoplasms in the pancreas?

A

Microcystic (accounts for 50% of cystic neoplasms) and macrocystic (arise from the ducts).

56
Q

What are the clinical findings of cystadenoma? (S/s) 5

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Palpable mass
  4. Weight loss
  5. Female prevalence (4:1).
57
Q

What are the sonographic findings of microcystic neoplasms?

A

Echogenic or complex mass.

58
Q

What are the sonographic findings of macrocystic neoplasms? 3

A
  1. Multiloculated cystic mass
  2. Irregular margins
  3. Solid nodules.
59
Q

What is pancreatic carcinoma? How common is it? Which part of the pancreas does it involve?

A

Fourth most common malignancy, adenocarcinoma in 90% of cases, 70% involve the head of the pancreas.

Clinical findings include abdominal pain, severe back pain, weight loss, painless jaundice, anorexia.

60
Q

What are the sonographic findings of pancreatic carcinoma? 6

A
  1. Hypoechoic mass in the pancreas
  2. Irregular borders
  3. Dilated biliary tree
  4. Hydropic gallbladder
  5. Liver metastasis
  6. Ascites.
61
Q

What is the treatment procedure for pancreatic neoplasms?

A

Pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure).

Preoperative criteria include absence of extrapancreatic metastasis and evaluation of portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins for patency.

62
Q

What does the basic procedure of a Whipple procedure involve? 5

A
  1. Gallbladder removal
  2. Ligation of the common duct
  3. Anastomosis to the duodenum
  4. Attachment of remaining pancreas tissue to the duodenum,
  5. Anastomosis of stomach distal to the bile duct.

SONOCAN ABD Review (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions