Cystic diseases Flashcards
What is a cyst?
A walled-off collection of fluid.
What are true cysts characterized by?
They have an epithelial wall and can be congenital or acquired.
What are the types of congenital true cysts?
Hereditary and developmental.
What are acquired cysts characterized by? 5
- They have no epithelial wall
- Post-traumatic
- Infectious
- Parasitic
- Inflammatory (abscesses).
What are the features of true cysts?
Multiple cysts in one organ or multiple organs with cysts.
What are the features of acquired cysts? (what are questions we can ask about them?)
- History
- Signs, and symptoms.
What is the significance of cyst sonographic presentation?
It helps direct the course of treatment for the patient.
What are the characteristics of a simple cyst? 4
- Anechoic
- Strong back wall
- Posterior acoustic enhancement
- Oval or round shape.
What are the characteristics of complex cysts? 4
- Internal echoes
- Septations
- Calcifications
- Thick wall or mural nodularity.
How does age affect the occurrence of cysts?
Age increases the occurrence of cysts, especially in the liver and kidneys.
What can multiple cysts indicate?
A genetic abnormality.
What are possible effects of cysts? 6
- Asymptomatic
- Pain
- Pressure
- Increased lab values
- Jaundice
- Fever.
What are simple renal cortical cysts? 4
- Simple cysts that are benign
- Have unknown etiology
- Increase with age
- Mostly asymptomatic.
What are complex renal cortical cysts?
Cysts that do not meet the criteria of a simple cyst and require further imaging.
What is Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)? (How common are they, when they manifest, what organs they are associated with)
- The most common hereditary renal disorder
- Manifesting in the 4th decade
- Associated with liver, pancreas, and cerebral anomalies.
What are the symptoms of ADPKD? 5
- Palpable mass
- Pain
- Hematuria
- Hypertension
- UTIs.
What is the sonographic appearance of ADPKD?
Renal enlargement and multiple cysts bilaterally.
What is Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)? What condition is it associated with?
- A condition with four types that are age-dependent
- Associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis.
What is the sonographic appearance of ARPKD?
Massively enlarged echogenic kidneys with loss of CM differentiation.
What are parapelvic cysts?
Cysts believed to be lymphatic in origin, located in the renal sinus, and mostly asymptomatic.
What is Medullary Sponge Kidney? What condition is associated with this condition?
A condition with dilated collecting tubules, etiology unknown, found in ~12% of patients with renal stones.
What is Medullary Cystic Disease?
A result of progressive renal tubular atrophy with genetic forms.
What is Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)?
The most common renal cystic disease in children, developmental due to obstruction of ureter in utero.
What are primary congenital cysts?
Also called epidermoid cysts of the spleen, rare and asymptomatic.
What is a choledochal cyst? Which part of the world do we normally see these conditions?
A condition with fusiform dilation of the CBD, more common in Eastern Asian populations.
What is Caroli’s Disease?
A rare congenital condition causing dilation of the intrahepatic biliary tree.
What is cystic fibrosis? What does this make the pancreas look like?
A genetic condition causing exocrine dysfunction, with increased echogenicity of the pancreas.
What are peritoneal inclusion cysts?
Cysts formed by trapped ovarian fluid due to adhesions.
What are mesenteric cysts? What kind of findings are these?
Rare intra-abdominal cysts of lymphatic or mesothelial origin, typically incidental findings.
What is a GI duplication cyst?
A cyst filled with anechoic fluid with a well-defined double layer wall.
What are degenerative prostatic cysts?
The most common type of prostatic cyst, typically located in the transitional zone.
What are congenital prostatic cysts? What are they associated with?
Mostly asymptomatic, associated with infertility and hematospermia.
What are common lab tests related to cysts?
Elevated liver function tests and leukocytosis.
What are treatment options for cysts?
Cyst aspiration or alcohol ablation, surgical removal, or organ transplant.
