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Anatomy > Thoracic wall, lungs, middle mediastimun > Flashcards

Thoracic wall, lungs, middle mediastimun Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of the thorax

A

1 - breathing
2 - protection of vital organs
3 - conduit for important passageways

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2
Q

what are the 3 cavities of the thorax

A

2 pleural cavities

1 middle mediastinum cavity

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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

A

1 - manubrium
2 - body of sternum
3 - xiphoid process

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4
Q

the manubrium has a specific articulation notch for what joint ?

A

sternoclavicular joint

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5
Q

what divides the manubrium from the body of the sternum, and what rib articulates at this surface

A

sternal angle

-2nd rib

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6
Q

what is the distinction b/w the superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum

A

horizontal plane at the sternal angle

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7
Q

what are the 4 parts to a rib, and what articulates at each surface

A

1 - head : articulates w/ 2 vertebral bodies and 1 intervertebral disc
2 - tubercle : articulates w/ 1 transvers process
3 - body
4 - costal groove

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8
Q

the region of the greatest curve on a rib is called the _____. what is significant about this point

A

angle

-where the neurovasculature splits

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9
Q

what are the 3 different types of ribs, and what rib numbers go with each

A 
true ribs (1-8) - connected to sternum
false ribs (8-12) - connected w/costal cartilage
floating ribs (11-12) - no costal cartilage connection
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10
Q

breasts are found in the superficial pectoral region, they are composed of what 2 things

A
  • secretory glands

- fascia

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11
Q

what vessels supply the breast region

A

internal thoracic a. and v.

-specifically the 2nd to 4th intercostal branches

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12
Q

lymphatics in the breast region drain to where ?

A
  • parasternal nodes

- axillary nodes

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13
Q

what provides cutaneous innervation to the breast region

A

lateral and anterior branches of the 4-6th thoracic intercostal n.

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14
Q

what are the 2 muscles of the pectoral region, and what are the individual heads of each

A

pec major - clavicular head and sternocostal head

pec minor -

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15
Q

the pec minor muscle is enveloped in ________ fascia ?

A

clavipectoral fascia

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16
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior thoracic wall that can be seen on the external surface of the thorax ?

A

external intercostal m.
internal intercostal m.
run in same direction as obliques

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17
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior thoracic wall that can be seen on the internal surface of the thorax ?

A
  • innermost intercostals (laterally)

- transversus thoracis (medially)

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18
Q

what muscles of the thorax works in raising the ribs during inspiration, what about depressing the ribs during exhalation

A

Inspiration - ext. intercostal, & seratus posterior sup.

Exhalation - int. intercostal, innermost intercostal, seratus post. inferior,

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19
Q

where would you find the intercostal artery, vein, and nerve in relation to the intercostal space (ICS), and in what order

A

Superior of ICS or just below each rib

  • Vein superiorly
  • Artery
  • Nerve inferiorly
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20
Q

where would you find the collateral n, a, v, in reference to the ICS

A

Inferior part of ICS or just above each rib

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21
Q

what is the relationship b/w the ribs, and the diaphragm in relation to how they move during breathing

A

they move in opposite directions

22
Q

what is the function of the plerura and what are teh 2 types of pleura

A

secrete serous fluid to reduce surface tension

  • visceral pleura - covers lungs
  • parietal pleura - covers thoracic walls
23
Q

which is sensitive to pain the visceral or parietal pleura

A

parietal pleura

24
Q

the visceral and parietal pleura become once continuous membrane where ?

A

at the root of the lung

25
Q

what is effusion in the pleural cavity

A

fluid filling of potentail pleural cavity

**pleural cavity is a potential space **

26
Q

what is the result of effusion in the pleural cavity

A

compresses the lungs = difficult breathing

27
Q

what is the difference b.w a pneumothorax vs. a hemothorax

A

pneumothorax is accumulation of air potential pleural cavity whereas hemothorax is accumulation of blood

28
Q

when looking at a chest film, which will appear darker the normal side or pneumothorax side

A

side full of air (pneumothorax) is darker and full of air

29
Q

what is pleurisy and what does is result in

A

inflammation of the pleura

-leads to pleural adhesions b/w visceral and parietal pleura

30
Q

what is a pleural tap (thoracentesis) , and where does this occur ?

A

aspiration of fluids

-perform at midaxillary line in ICS of 6 or 7

31
Q

what is the division of lobes on the right and left side of the lungs

A
  • Right has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) seperated by horizontal and oblique fissure
  • Left has 2 (upper and lower) lobes seperated by oblique fissure
32
Q

the oblique fissure is also known as the ___ fissure whereas the horizontal fissure is also known as the ______

A

oblique = major fissure

horizontal - minor fissure (only on R)

33
Q

the root of the lungs connects what ?

A

lungs to mediastinum

34
Q

what/ where is the pulmonary ligament

A

most inferior portion of the connection b/w the lungs and middle mediastinum

35
Q

what is the division of lung bronchi ?

A

trachea —-> primary (main) bronchi —> secondary (lobar) bronchi —-> tertiary (segmental) bronchi

36
Q

how many secondary and tertiary bronchi are there on each side

A

secondary bronchi - 3 on right 2 on left

-tertiary bronchi - 10 on right 8 on left

37
Q

what is the carina

A

the most inferior extent of the trachea where it divides into the R and L main bronchi

38
Q

What neurovasculature would you find at the right root of the lungs

A
  • vagus n.
  • phrenic n.
  • pericardiacophrenic vessels
39
Q

what neurovasculature would you find on the left root of the lungs

A
  • vagus n.
  • recurrent laryngeal n.
  • phrenic n.
  • pericardiacophrenic vessels
40
Q

the vagus n. passes ____ to the root of the lungs whereas the phrenic . pass ______

A
  • vagus passes posteriorly

- phrenic passes anterior to root of lungs

41
Q

the pericardiacophrenic vessels are branches of what, and specifically run with the _______ n.

A

branches of the internal thoracic a. and brachiocephalic v.

–run with the phrenic n.

42
Q

the intercostal a. on the anterior thoracic wall are branches of the ______ whereas the posterior intercostal a. are branches off of _________

A

anterior - internal thoracic a.

posterior - directly off of descending aorta

43
Q

what specific artery supply the respitory tissue itself (lungs and bronchi)

A

bronchiole aa.

44
Q

lymph from the lungs drains to where ?

A
  • tracheobronchial nodes

- R/L broncheomediastinal trunks

45
Q

What is the anatomical division of the middle mediastinum

A 
superior division (separated by sternal angle)
inferior division
-anterior
-middle
-posterior
46
Q

what is the pericardium

A

fibrous sac around heart lined with serous membrane

47
Q

the fibrous portion of the pericardium is continuous with what ?

A

the diaphragm inferiorly

48
Q

the pericardium is pierced by 8 vessels, what are they ?

A

SVC, IVC, aorta, pulmonary trunk, and 4 pulmonary vv.

49
Q

what is the diff. b/w the pericardial sac, and the pericardial cavity

A

pericardial sac is the inner membrane layer of the pericardium (both parietal and visceral layers)
pericardial cavity is the “potential space” b/w the layers of the pericardial sac (b/w visceral and parietal layers)

50
Q

what is pericardial effusion, and what does it result in

A

accumulation of excess fluid in pericardial cavity

-leads to compression of the heart and potential congestive heart failure

51
Q

what is hemopericardium, and what does it lead to ?

A

accumulation of blood in pericardial cavity

-leads to cardiac tamponade which results in compression of heart and great vessels

52
Q

how would one get a hemocardium

A

penetrating/perforating heart wounds (stabbed)

Anatomy (35 decks)

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