Olfactory and Visual Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Bradykinesia (slow movement) would be associated with what disease ?

A

Parkinsons disease

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2
Q

hemiballismus, a dramatic movement disorder would be the result of damage to where in the brain?

A

subthalamic nucleus

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3
Q

Chorea, which causes rapid involuntary movements, is a disorder most commonly associated with what disease ?

A

Huntingtons disease

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4
Q

gait ataxia is most commonly the result of injury to the ______ of the cerebellum

A

vermis

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5
Q

fearless, and placid behavior, known as Kluber-Bucy Syndrome, is the result to injury where ?

A

amygdala

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6
Q

the inability or failure to form new memories would be the result of injury to where in the brain ?

A

hippocampus

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7
Q

hemiparesis and spasticity on one side of the body would occur with an injury to the _______ of the internal capsule

A

posterior limb

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8
Q

dismetria, or the inability to coordinate movements (touch finger to nose tip), would be the result of injury to _____ of the cerebellum

A

lateral hemisphere

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9
Q

what are the 2 main functions of olfaction

A

taste and smell

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10
Q

the origin of the olfactory system that sits in the roof of the nasal cavity is called what ?

A

olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

what does the olofactory epithelium contain

A

3 million receptor cells

sensory endings for CN V (irritant smells)

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12
Q

what is structure of an olfactory receptor and why are the unusual amongst other human nuerons

A

structure : vesicle w/10-30 cilia emerging out

-unique bc its replaced throughout life as its lifespan is only 1-2 months

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13
Q

what are olfactory fila and where do they go ?

A
  • bundles of olfactory axons
  • pass through holes in cribiform plate ending in olfactory bulb
  • * olfactory fila make up CN I**
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14
Q

olfactory bulb develops as an outgrowth of ?

A

telencephalon

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15
Q

what are mitral cells

A

main projection neuron of olfactory bulb which form olfactory tract

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16
Q

what forms the glomerulus in the olfactory bulb

A

dendrites

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17
Q

each olfactory receptor is specific to _______ mitral cell glomerulus

A

one

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18
Q

fibers in the olfactory tract have projections to where ? What 2 are where they generally end ?

A
  • anterior olfactory nucleus
  • olfactory tubericle
  • Primary Olfactory Cortex (Main end)
  • Amygdala (Main end)
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19
Q

what two eye structures focus the image on the retina

A

cornea and lens

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20
Q

focusing and image requires what ? which eye structures allow this to happen

A

refraction

  • cornea (70 %)
  • lens (30%)
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21
Q

what does the iris do ?

A

affects brightness and quality of image focused on retina

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22
Q

the retina has how many nuclear layers ? and how many synapses occur w/in these layers

A

3 nuclear layers w/ 2 synapse layers

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23
Q

what are the 2 photoreceptors in the retina and what is unique to each

A

Rods - rhodopsin, low acuity and dim light

Cones - high acuity, color, lots of lights

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24
Q

what happens to old rod and cone photoreceptor cells as they age

A

phagocytized by pigment epithelium

25
Q

where is the blind spot in the retina and, how does the brain accomodate for this area

A

at the optic disk where there are no photoreceptors

-brain automatically fills this space in

26
Q

what is the macula ?

A

specialization of the retina designed for vision of highest acuity
-contains fovea in center

27
Q

what is the fovea

A

center of macula

  • area of lots of cones and no rods
  • area of highest visual acuity
28
Q

what is the thalamic relay nucleus for the optic pathway

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

29
Q

after optic tract fibers end in the LGN, where do they project to

A

visual cortex in occipital lobe

30
Q

Fibers that represent inferior visual fields are the most _______ radiations, whereas fibers representing superior visual fields are _______________

A

superior, inferior in radiations

31
Q

what part of the internal capsule is involved with the superior visual field

A

retrolenticular part

32
Q

what part of the internal capsule has optic radiations pertaining to the inferior visual field

A

sublenticular part

33
Q

Explain the visual fields, which cross and which remain uncrossed

A
  • fibers of nasal half of retina cross at optic chiasm

- fibers of temporal half remain uncrossed

34
Q

what part of the optic pathway is responsible for depth perception

A

optic chiasm, allows for comparison of areas via each retina

35
Q

The structure of the LGN is made of _____ layers

A

6

36
Q

what layers of the LGN are responsible for contralateral eye, which layers are responsible for the ipsilateral eye

A

1,4,6 contralateral

2,3,5 ipsilateral

37
Q

what is the parvocellular layer

A

layers 3-6 of the LGN responsible for color and form

38
Q

what is the magnocellular layer

A

layers 1-2 of LGN responsible for movement and contrast

39
Q

who was the first to describe the retinotopic organization of the eye using bullet wound injuries

A

Dr. Tatsuji Inouye

40
Q

in relation to the occipital lobe, the inferior visual field lies above the _______ whereas the superior visual field lies below this

A

calcarine sulcus

41
Q

where is the macula represented in reference to position on the occipital lobe

A

most posteriorly, peripheral fields anteriorly

42
Q

what is the line of gennari

A

striate cortex, or the thin myelin line in primary visual cortex

43
Q

Visual field deficits are named according to what ?

A

the part of the visual field that is lost

44
Q

define these terms,

  • anopia
  • hemianopia
  • quadrantanopia
  • homonymous
  • heteronymous
A
  • anopia - loss of one or more quadrants
  • hemianopia - loss of half visual field
  • quadrantanopia - loss of quarter of visual field
  • homonymous - same visual field lost in each eye
  • heteronymous - 2 eyes having non-overalpping field loss
45
Q

damage anterior to the optic chiasm would result in visual field loss for ?

A

ipsilateral eye

46
Q

damage at the chiasm causes what type of visual field deficits

A

heteronymous deficit

47
Q

damage to optic tract results in what type of visual field loss

A

homonymous deficit

48
Q

a lesion in the temporal lobe that interupts Meyers loop would affect what visual field

A

affect superior visual field cuz meyers loop plays a role in infereior retinal quadrant

49
Q

what is unique about a PCA infarction that results in an eye deficit

A

the macula is spared in deficit

50
Q

what would happen in the pupillary light reflex if there was a lesion in the occulomotor nerve

A
  • both constrict if shined in unnaffected eye optic nerve

- neither constrict if shine in affected eye optic nerve

51
Q

how would the pupillary light reflex act if ther there was a lesion in the optic radiations

A

No affect

52
Q

how would a lesion in the visual cortex affect the pupillary light reflex

A

No effect

53
Q

Besides the LGN to the visual cortex, what are the additional destinations for visual information

A
  • superior colliculus
  • hypothalamus
  • superchiasmatic nucleus
54
Q

what is the role of the occipital lobe primary visual cortex in vision

A

Breaks down visual information and distributes to extrastriate cortex

55
Q

the striate and visual cortex in the occipital lobe have a _______ organization

A

collumnar

56
Q

each cortical module or collumn controls _____ aspect of the visual field

A

one

57
Q

what layers of the LGN make up the ventral stream of visual information

A

Parvocellular layers 3-6 responsible for color and form

58
Q

what layers of the LGN are responsible for the dorsal stream of visual information

A

Magnocellular layers 1-2 responsible for movement and context