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Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

apex is of the heart is apart of what area of heart ? and sits in the _____intercostal space

A

left atrium in 5th intercostal space

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2
Q

what are the 4 divisions of the middle mediastinum

A

-superior, middle, anterior, posterior

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3
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep

A

epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
myocardium
endocardium

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4
Q

what are the protective layers of the heart from outermost to innermost

A

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium (2 layers)
-parietal layer
-visceral layer (epicardium)

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5
Q

the pericardial cavity is a potential space b/w what two layers ?

A

parietal and visceral layer of serous pericardium

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6
Q

what does the ligamentum arteriosum connect in the adult heart and what is it the fetal remnant of ?

A

connects L pulmonary a. w/arch of the aorta

-remnant of fetal ductus arteriosus

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7
Q

what was the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal dev.

A

shunt blood from R ventricle to aorta

*bypass fetal lungs

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8
Q

where do the pulmonary veins lead into and what is significant about them

A

2 on each side of L atria

-only oxygenated veins

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9
Q

what are the 3 main vessels that drain into the right atrium

A

SVC, IVC, coronary sinus

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10
Q

what are the 4 valves of the heart in order from which they flow through when blood reaches the R atrium

A

1 - Tricuspid AV valve
2- pulmonary semilunar valve
3 - Bicuspid/mitral valve
4 - aortic semilunar valve

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11
Q

what is connected to all valves that help tighten valve flaps

A

chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

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12
Q

after blood has been contracted/expelled through the aortic semilunar valve and aortic arch, some blood will begin to fall back down into the cups of the aortic semilunar valves. Where does this blood go ?

A

passivley flow into the coronary arteries

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13
Q

what are 2 types of valve problem

A
  • incompetence (leaky valve)

- stenosis (narrowing)

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14
Q

what muscle lines the walls of the right atrium ?

A

pectinate muscle

left atrium predominantly smooth muscle**

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15
Q

in what part of the heart would you find the fossa ovalis, what is this a remnant of ?

A

right atrial wall

-foramen ovale remnent

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16
Q

what is the crista terminalis and where can it be found

A

thickened ridge of smooth muscle near the opening of the SVC
-right atrium

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17
Q

what are the 3 parts of the of tricuspid valve, what about bicuspid valve

A

tricuspid - anterior, posterior, and septal cusps

bicuspid - anterior and posterior

18
Q

what type of muscle lines the walls of the ventricles

A

trabeculae carne

19
Q

what is the moderator band and where can it be found

A

Brings fibers of conducting system (R bundle branch) and connects them to anterior papillary m.
-right ventricle

20
Q

if major vessels of the heart are occluded, what ensures that the myocardium of the heart is still supplied w/blood

A

collarteral routes

21
Q

where does the coronary sinus lie w/in

A

coronary sulcus or atrioventricular sulcus

22
Q

what are the 3 branches or tributaries of the coronary sinus

A
  • great cardiac v.
  • middle cardiac v.
  • small cardiac v.
23
Q

what a. does the great cardiac v. run with and where does it drain to ?

A

anterior IV a. w/in the Anterior IV sulcus

-drains into coronary sinus

24
Q

besides the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus, what else drains directly into the right atrium

A

anterior cardiac veins

25
Q

anterior cardiac vv. pass superficial to what artery

A

right coronary a.

26
Q

What are the branches of the Right coronary artery

A

1 - right marginal branch
2 - Posterior IV a. (R posterior descending a.)
3 - Anterior Right Atrial Branch (ARAB a.)

27
Q

the Anterior right atrial branch is a branch off of the ______ artery. What is the smaller additional branch off this ARAB artery

A

R coronary artery

-sinotrial nodal branch

28
Q

the left coronary artery itself is very short b/c it immediately divides into what two branches

A
  • Anterior IV a. (left anterior descending a. )

- Circumflex a .

29
Q

the circumflex artery is a branch off of the ______ artery. what is an additional branch off the circumflex a ?

A

left coronary

-left marginal branch

30
Q

what is coronary artery dominance based off of ?

A

which gives off the posterior IV a.

31
Q

what coronary a. is usually dominant

A

65 % of the time R coronary a is dominant
15 % its L
20 % balanced b/w both

32
Q

what is the crista terminalis and where can it be found

A

thickened ridge of smooth muscle near the opening of the SVC

  • right atrium
  • ** SA node is at superior part of this **
33
Q

atheroclerosis can lead to occlusion of coronary aa. What does this lead to, and what are the symptoms of this ?

A

Not enough O2 to myocardium (myocardial infarct)

  • heavy heart/increased pressure sitting on it
  • Referred pain to L arm
34
Q

What veins are commonly used as grafts for a coronary bypass

A

1 - Great saphenous v.
2 - Internal thoracic a.
3 - radial a.

35
Q

where would you import the grafted arteries in order to bypass the coronary aa.

A

into aorta and distal branch of coronary aa.

36
Q

how does the SNS and PNS affect rate of heart beat, where are these messages derived from

A

SNS - increase heart rate from T1-T5

PNS - decrease heart rate from vagus n. (CN X)

37
Q

the cardiac plexus is made up of what ?

A
  • postganglioninc sympathetics

- preganglioninc parasympathetics

38
Q

explain conduction of the heart

A

SA node depolarizes —-> AV node —–> AV bundle —–> R and L AV bundle branches (R to moderator band —> papillary mm.) —–> perkinje fibers

39
Q

damage to conducting system results in ________, whereas damage to the AV node will cause ________.

A

arrhythmias,

uncontrolled contraction

40
Q

where would you place a pacemaker to control contractions of the heart

A

thread electrode down SVC into right atrium, through tricuspid valve and fixed into trabeculae carne mm. in R ventricular wall

Anatomy (35 decks)

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