Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Reticular Formation and Cerebellum (3) > Flashcards

Reticular Formation and Cerebellum (3) Flashcards

1
Q

the reticular formation is the central core of the brainstem and extends into the cerebrum as the _____

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

From medial to lateral what are the 3 longitudinal zones of the RF ?

A

R and L Median zone - Raphe
Medial Zone - Paramedian
lateral zone (largestt) Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what zone of the RF houses most of the ascending and descending neural tract projections

A

Medial or paramedian zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what part of the brainstem would you find the lateral zone of the RF

A

rostral medulla and caudal pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what zone of the RF is involved with cranial nerve reflexes and visceral functions

A

Lateral zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 2 reticulospinal tracts of the RF, and where could they be found in the brainstem

A
  • medial reticulospinal tract - pons

- lateral reticulospinal tract - medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The RF and its reticulospinal tracts are involved with what functions

A
  • regulate spinal motor neurons
  • influence spinal motor neurons directly
  • regulate spinal reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the reticulospinal tract neurons of the RF recieve input from where ?

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
substantia nigra … (multiple locations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the RF is known to be a “pattern generator”, what does this mean

A

Controls/coordinates rhythmic motor patterns

  • gaze centers (midbrain and pons)
  • mastication (pons)
  • locomotion (pons)
  • medulla vital center
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the RF is involved with controlling rhythmic motor patterns, and one area of control is the Medulla “vital center” which controls what ?

A
  • respiration
  • heart rate
  • swallowing/vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is bruxism and what are the theories for what causes this ?

A

tooth grinding cuz jaw muscles are co-contracted at night

  • Peripheral theory - jaw muscles constantly trying to reach occlusion
  • Central theory - sleep related neural dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what role can the RF play in pain pathways

A

Suppress or facilitate pain (wounded soldiers keep fighting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is the central location that is involved with RF pain supress system

A

periaqueductal grey (PAG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what zone of the RF would fibers carrying pain infortmation be found ?

A

Raphe (nucleus magnus) —–> then to posterior horn of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where would you find opiate receptors in the RF

A
  • PAG
  • raphe
  • posterior horn of spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the RF role in autonomic reflex circuitry

A

controls visceral information and responds accordingly to environmental changes
(similar to pattern generators in motor control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what part of the brainstem is involved with the RF involvment in arousal

A

midbrain and pons

-sends info to thalamus then cortex and heightens arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the RF control of maintaining consciousness is better known as what system

A

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

damage to what part of the brainstem could result in prolonged coma

A

bilateral damage to midbrain would damage ARAS of RF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F ARAS has a role in the sleep-wake cycles

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what nuerochemicals involved with the RF are produced in the brainstem

A

norepinephrine (NE)
dopamine (DA)
serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what neurochemicals involved with the RF are produced in the hypothalamus

A

histamine containing neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what neurochemical partly involved with the RF is produced in the telencephalon

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

norepinephrine is made by _______ neurons which are located where ?

A

noradrenergic neurons

  • Rostral pons (locus ceruleus) ***
  • medulla (solitary nucleus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sensory info that stimulates the locus ceruleus neurons cause what ?

A

production of NE (increase arousal and anticipation)

-releases into cortex, trigeminal spinal nucleus, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

reduced locus ceruleus activity (reduced levels of NE) causes what

A

clinical depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

increased activity of the locus ceruleus (increase NE) could cause

A

panic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

dopamine is produced by ________ neurons located where

A

dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain

  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what tract degenerates in people with parkinsons disease

A 
nigrostriatal tract (substantia nigra to striatum)
-involved with motor activity from DA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the components of the striatum and what neurochemical has projections through here

A

caudate and putamen

-dopaminergic projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the major source of DA

A

Ventral tegmental area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 2 tracts of the Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Mesolimbic tract - to limbic system

Mesocortical tract - to frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is implicated in schizophrenia ?

A

the 2 tracts of the ventral tegmental area

34
Q

what are two components of schizophrenia and what is the cause of each

A

Social withdrawal - low DA levels in prefrontal cortex

Hallucinations - high DA levels in limbic system

35
Q

serotonin is produced by serotonergic neurons which are located where ?

A

all brainstem levels in raphe of RF

36
Q

serotonergic neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei project to the ______ and are involved with what ?

A

Cortex

  • Focusing/paying attention
  • hypothalamus day/night cycle
37
Q

sertonergic neurons in the medullary raphe nuclei project to the _______ and are involved with ?

A

spinal cord

-pain supression (nucleus raphe magnus)

38
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) are used to treat ?

A

Clinical depression

39
Q

Low levels of serotonin would result in ?

A

Binge eating

high carb consumption (women)

40
Q

high levels of serotonin would result in

A

complulsive behavior

annorexia nervosa

41
Q

drugs that increase levels of serotonin are used to treat

A

anxiety and depression

42
Q

Achetylcholine is produced by _____ neurons and are produced where at in the RF

A

cholinergic

-dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

43
Q

Acetylcholine is largely produced outside of the RF (meaning its just a lil part of RF). Where are these produced

A

basal nucleus (of Meynert) of basal forebrain

44
Q

what are the main functions of the cerebellum

A
  • regulate equilibrium
  • regulate muscle tone/posture
  • motor coordination for voluntary movements in the future (plans) and during execution
45
Q

the surface of the cortex of the cerebellum is composed of _____ matter whereas the _____ matter is inside

A

grey, white

46
Q

what are the 2 main fissures of the cerebellum and what lobes do they seperate

A

primary fissure - anterior from posterior lobe

posterolateral fissure - floculonodular lobe from posterior lobe

47
Q

what is the midline of the cerebellum called

A

vermis

48
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior
posterior
floculonodular

49
Q

what are the 3 cerebellar peducncles

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle (Restiform body)
middle cerebellar peduncle (brachial pontis) - largest
superior cerebellar peduncle

50
Q

where does the inferior cerebellar peduncle recieve input from, and what is its function

A

spinal cord and brain stem

-monitor muscle and limb movement

51
Q

what is the function of the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

“IN Pathway”

-recieves afferents from basis pontis and relays motor signals from cortex

52
Q

what is the function of the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

“out pathway”

-sends efferents to red nucleus and thalamus

53
Q

what are the 4 cerebellar deep nuclei

A

dentate nuclei
interposed nucleus - emboliform and globose
fastigal nuclei

54
Q

what is the broad overview of the cerebellar circuitry

A
  • inputs to ICP and MCP (most)
  • send to cortex
  • cortex send to deep nuclei
  • deep nuclei send outputs via SCP
55
Q

what are the 3 structural layers of the cerebellar cortex

A
  • Molecular layer (top)
  • Perkinjie cell layer
  • Granule layer
56
Q

what structural layer of the cerebellar cortex has axons that projects outputs

A

Perkinjie layer

57
Q

what are the 3 fibers in basic cortical (cerebellar cortex) activity

A
  • climbing fibers
  • mossy fibers
  • parallel fibers
58
Q

what do climbing fibers do

A

major cortical (cerebellar cortex) input from contralateral inferior olivary nucleus

59
Q

what do mossy fibers do ?

A

major cortical (cerebellar cotex) input from brainstem, vestibular system, and spinal cord

60
Q

where do climbing fibers synapse

A

on purkinje cels which regulates purkinje cell firing

61
Q

where do mossy fibers synapse

A

synapse on granule cells

62
Q

what connects the cerebellar cortex to deep nuclei

A
  • collaterals from climbing and mossy fibers

- purkinje axons end on deep nuclei

63
Q

what are the 2 neuronal populations w/in the deep nuclei of the cerebellar cortex

A
  • mossy fibers into cerebellar cortex

- output neurons leaving cerebellum

64
Q

what are the 3 functional subdivisions or longitudinal zones of the cerebllum from medial to lateral

A

1 - vestibulocerebellum
2 - spinocerebellum
3 - pontocerebellum

65
Q

the vestibulocerebellum is made up of what structural parts of the cerebellum

A

floculonodular lobe and part of vermis

66
Q

the spinocerebellum is made up of what structural parts of the cerebellum

A

paravermal area (medial hemisphere) and part of vermis

67
Q

the pontocerebellum is made up of what structural parts of the cerebellum

A

lateral hemisphere

68
Q

what is the input, output, and function of the vestibulocerebellum

A

input - vestibular organ/nuclei
output - fastigal deep nuclei
function - balance, control eye during head movements

69
Q

what is the input, output, and function of the spinocerebellum

A 
input - brainstem and spinal cord
output - interposed deep nuclei (emboliform and globose)
function - coordinate trunk/limb movements
70
Q

what is the input, output, and function of the pontocerebellum

A

input - basilar pons and MCP (motor cortex)
output - dentate deep nuclei
function - planning timing movements (upper arm) and coordinate speech

71
Q

once the spinocerebellum recieves inputs at the interposed nuclei, where does it relay the message to ?

A

Red nucleus —–> VA/VL of thalamus —> limb area of primary motor cortex

72
Q

once the pontocerebellum recieves inputs at the denate nucleus, where does it relay the message to ?

A

red nucleus —> VA/VL of thalamus —-> all motor cortex and parietal lobe

73
Q

what is the function of the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum

A

planned timing/skillful movements that get better w/practice

74
Q

what is the function of the medial hemisphere of the cerebellum

A

adjusting/coordinating limb movements

75
Q

what is the function of the vermis

A

postural adjustments (balance)

76
Q

what deep nuclei does the vermis project to ?

A

fastigal

77
Q

what deep nuclei does the medial hemisphere project to

A

interposed nuclei (emboliform and globose)

78
Q

what deep nuclei does the lateral hemisphere project to

A

dentate

79
Q

the principal OUTPUT from cerebellar nuclei is via

A

SCP

80
Q

The left side of the cerebellum projects to _______ side of the thalamus

A

right (contralateral )

81
Q

Left half of the cerebellum influences ______ limbs

A

Left (ipsilateral)

82
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere controls ______ muscles

A

Left (contralateral)

Anatomy (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions