Intro to Neuroanatomy and Brain Structure Flashcards
2 broad divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
3 subdivision of the brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
CNS is composed of ____ and PNS ?
CNS = brain and spinal cord PNS = spinal and cranial nerves to the rest of the body
structural and functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
each neuron consists of what 3 things
cell body, axon (info out), dendrite (info in)
what are the 3 types of neurons and which is the most common
multipolar (most), bipolar, unipolar
what are the main 3 classes of neurotransmitters
small molecules (Ach), monoamines, neuropeptides
what are the 3 types of axons in the CNS
tract, lemniscus, peduncle
what are the axons in the PNS
nerves
what are the 2 types of nerve cell bodies
nucleus, ganglion
definition for the connection of axons at the midline from DIFFERENT locations
decussation
definition for connection of axons at midline from the exact same location on the opp. side
commisure
what is the largest commisure in the brain
corpus callosum
what is a gyri
ridges of the brain
what is the sulci
grooves of the brain, (deep sulci also callled fissures)
what are the 5 lobes of a cerebral hemisphere
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic
primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe
precentral gyrus
Broca’s area
area of frontal lobe (usually left side) responsible for production of language
what functional area of frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions (personality, foresight)
prefrontal cortex
the postcentral gyrus is the primary _____ cortex of the parietal lobe
somatosensory - tactile and proprioception
what side of the brain ususally deals with language
left
inferior parietal lobule deals with what function ?
language comprehension
primary auditory cortex is found on what lobe
temporal
what is Wernike’s area
posterior aspect of temporal lobe (usually left) involved in language comprehension
what what lobe of brain is involved with higher order visual processing, learning, and memory
temporal lobe
where is the cuneus and lingual gyrus located
medial surface of the occipital lobe
what lobe of brain is exclusively used for vision
occipital lobe
what is the main function of the limbic system
emotions, drive-related behavior, memory
the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri largley make up ?
the limbic lobe
where is the insula located and what is its function
deep in the lateral sulcus overlying the fusion of telencephalon and diencephalon
-taste
four divisions of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
what is the massa intermedia
intrathalamic adhesion, area of fusion of thalamus across midline
the line where the 3rd ventricle attaches to the thalamus
stria medullaris
the thalamus significant and central importance is in _____ function. it has no ___ function except for olfaciton
CNS and motor, sensory
what separates the thalamus and hypothalamus
hypothalamic sulcus in wall of 3rd ventricle
connection b/w hypothalamus and pituitary gland
infundibular stalk
what part of the diencephalon is the king autonomic ganglion and visceral control center
hypothalamus
function of the brainstem
acts as a highway of info. to/from cerebrum
3 subdivisions of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
what CN arise from the midbrain
III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear)
what CN arise from pons
V(trigeminal), VI(abducens), VII(facial), VIII(vestibulocochlear)
what CN arise from the medulla
IX-glossopharyngeal ,X-vagus ,XI-accessory ,XII - hypoglossal
what is the midline vermis
midline of cerebellum
the striatum is apart of the basal ganglia, more specifically its componets are
caudate and putamen
lenticular nucleus is apart of the basal ganglia, more specifically its componets are ?
putamen and globus pallidus
basal ganglia is involved with what function
movement control
the amygdala is apart of what system and can beneath the ____ in the temporal lobe
limbic system, beneath the uncus
what part of the brain is filled with CSF
ventricles
where is CSF fluid made
choroid plexus
what is the function of ventricles ? which is the largest ?
suspend the brain and regulate its fluids
-lateral ventricle
large space b/w the arachnoid mater and dura mater filled with CSF fluid
subarachnoid cisterns
what is the largest subarachnoid cistern
cisterna magna
what is the major site of CSF reabsorbtion into venous system
archnoid villi
what connects the 3rd and 4th ventrical
cerebral aquduct
which has greater, CSF pressure or venous pressure
CSF>venous pressure
dural reflections are good for support of skull, but if intracranial pressure builds what may result
herniation or subdural hematoma
what allows the brain to turn with the head
meninges
what gives the brain buoyancy
CSF
3 layers of the meninges
dura (outer)
arachnoid (middle where CSF flows)
pia (inner attached to CNS)
what is the leptomeninges
arachnoid and pia mater together
a tear of meningeal arteries b/w the skull and dura would result in
epidural hematoma
tear in menigeal bridging veins b/w 2 layers of the dura would result in
subdural hematoma
what and where are the 2 main dural folds
falx cerebri - b/w cerebral hemishperes
tentorium cerebelli - b/w cerebrum and cerebellum
supratentorial part of tentorium cereblli would contain _____ infratentorial part ______
cerebrum
cerebellum and brainstem
what is the area called b/w the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
dural venous sinuses
what 2 main arteries supply the CNS arterial supply
Internal carotid and Vertebral aa
what does the Internal Carotid a. bifurcate into near the optic chiasm
Middle cerebral a. (MCA)
Anterior cerbral a. (ACA)
what long and thin branch off the internal carotid is clinically significant in that its involved in strokes
anterior choroidal a.
what artery connects the internal carotid a and vertebral vascular system
posterior communicating a.
both anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) are connected together by what artery
anterior communicating a.
what artery supplies most of the cerebral hemisphere and runs into the lateral sulcus
MCA or middle cerebral a.
what is a perforating artery
one that arises from arteries of the deep brain and supply the deep brain
what arterial system supplies the brainstem and cerebellum
vertebral basilar system
both vertebral arteries connect near the pons to for what artery
basilar a.
what does the basilar a. bifurcate into
2 posterior cerebral aa. (PCA’s)
each vertebral a. before it becomes the basilar a. gives of what 3 branches ?
anterior spinal a. (supplies anterior 2/3 of cord)
posterior spinal a. (supplies post. 1/3 of cord)
PICA (supplies inferior cerebellum)
AICA and SCA aa. come of where in the brain ?
Basilar a.
what is the circle of Willis
connection of Internal carotid aa. with vertebral-basilar system via the posterior communicating a.
autoregulation of vessels, responses to enzymatic brain activity, and cerebral vascular autonomics are all mechanisms that do what ?
help control cerebral blood flow
what controls the movement of fluids from the extracellular space of the body to the extracellular space of the brain
blood-brain barrier
located around the 3rd and 4th ventricles, this particular area has NO blood-brain barrier
circumventricular organs
what vein does most blood on the superficial brain drain to ?
superior sagittal sinus
what vein does most blood from deep internal structures drain too ?
straight sinus
the deep venous system of the brain is _____ consistent in organization than superficial venous system
more
what is the major deep vein of the brain
internal cerebral vein
explain the drainage pathway starting from the internal cerebral vein
paired internal cerebral veins to Great cerebral vein of Galen to straight sinus
the great cerebral vein is also called ?
great vein of Galen
