Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 5

Question 1

language and communication

Answer 1

language type of communication but not all communication is language

Question 2

language criteria

Answer 2

productivity, semanticity, displacement

Question 3

productivity

Answer 3

can take words and grammar and say a sentence that has never been heard before
ability to say a new sentence

Question 4

semanticity

Answer 4

taking sound

sound symbolizes thing

Question 5

displacement

Answer 5

talking about something that’s not there, abstract concepts

Question 6

linguists

Answer 6

study of language

Question 7

chomsky vs skinner

Answer 7

chomsky is nature, similarity in language, universal grammar

skinner is nurture, behaviorist, language result of operant conditioning and nurture

Question 8

motherese (parentese, caregiver speech)

Answer 8

how adults speak to little kids

mimic conversation, keep conversational pattern, higher intonation, same in all cultures, shorter sentences

Question 9

how kids learn language

Answer 9

in utero, respond to noise, heart rate up, have preferences for certain noises when born
synaptic pruning, speech discrimination, facial expression

Question 10

synaptic pruning

Answer 10

don’t use synapse, gets pruned away, goes away

babies born with huge amount of synapses, go away when don’t use them

Question 11

speech discrimination

Answer 11

lose ability to hear/make certain phonemes, lose ability to discriminate between phonemes

Question 12

facial expression

Answer 12

babies learn by watching, use lips/mouth as cue, use facial expressions to understand words/moods
what we see overrides what we hear

Question 13

prelinguistic timeline

Answer 13

kids can communicate but don’t have language
1. crying (from birth) (reflexive, not intentional or conscious)
2. cooing (2-3 months), purposeful sounds, without meaning, vowels
3. babbling (4-6 months), add in consonants, repetitive, visible consonants
4. patterned speech (same time as babbling), pick up on patterns, turns, gestures, inflection
ages flexible, mostly for firstborns, later kids pick up language faster because hear it more

Question 14

linguistic timeline

Answer 14

meaning comes in

1. pre word (around 1 year), overextension
2. two words
3. telegraphic (around 2 years)
4. phoneme production (4.5-6 years), can learn to read and write, can understand jokes, metaphonology

Question 15

overextension

Answer 15

kids have small vocals so they take words they know and overextend, use for variety of things, one word for everything in schema

Question 16

two words combinations

Answer 16

agent + object
agent + action
action + object

Question 17

overgeneralization

Answer 17

overusing grammar rules
use typical form not correct form
I goed not I went

Question 18

metaphonology

Answer 18

ability to understand how language works

ability to think about phonemes, etc, tone

Question 19

metacognition

Answer 19

thinking about thinking

Question 20

thinking components

Answer 20

language, mental images, concepts

Question 21

language

Answer 21

big overlap with thinking

Question 22

mental images

Answer 22

episodic memories, video/photo in head, all senses

Question 23

concepts

Answer 23

interchangeable with schemes, v similar to schemas, mental categories, narrow or broad

Question 24

whorfian hypothesis

Answer 24

language shapes how you think

Question 25

problem solving

Answer 25

preparation, production, evaluation

Question 26

preparation

Answer 26

identify the given facts, separating relevant from prevalent facts, defining the ultimate goal

Question 27

production

Answer 27

algorithm, heuristic

Question 28

means-end analysis

Answer 28

when path to solution not clear, make steps toward solution bc and reassess at each step

Question 29

analogies

Answer 29

comparison between something understand and something don't understand, take something abstract and confusing and turn it into something more concrete

Question 30

obstacles to problems solving

Answer 30

mental set, functional fixedness, confirmation bias, misusing heuristics

Question 31

mental set is

Answer 31

component of confirmation bias

Question 32

availability heuristic

Answer 32

making assumption based on what is available readily in memory, extremes, stereotypes

Question 33

representativeness heuristic

Answer 33

making stereotype based on typical, taking prototype and assuming true for all in schema

Question 34

thurstone

Answer 34

7 intelligences/elements of intelligence | can be strong in some and weak in others

Question 35

guilford

Answer 35

120 intelligences | theoretically good but practically bad

Question 36

cattell

Answer 36

fluid vs crystallized intelligence

Question 37

gardner misconception

Answer 37

not learning styles just intelligences

Question 38

aptitude test

Answer 38

see what future career/success could/would be | can't prepare for it, innate

Question 39

achievement test

Answer 39

looks at past, what have achieved/learned | can study for

Question 40

all intelligence theorists (from class)

Answer 40

``` spearman thurstone guilford cattell gardner sternberg ```