Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 5 Flashcards
language and communication
language type of communication but not all communication is language
language criteria
productivity, semanticity, displacement
productivity
can take words and grammar and say a sentence that has never been heard before
ability to say a new sentence
semanticity
taking sound
sound symbolizes thing
displacement
talking about something that’s not there, abstract concepts
linguists
study of language
chomsky vs skinner
chomsky is nature, similarity in language, universal grammar
skinner is nurture, behaviorist, language result of operant conditioning and nurture
motherese (parentese, caregiver speech)
how adults speak to little kids
mimic conversation, keep conversational pattern, higher intonation, same in all cultures, shorter sentences
how kids learn language
in utero, respond to noise, heart rate up, have preferences for certain noises when born
synaptic pruning, speech discrimination, facial expression
synaptic pruning
don’t use synapse, gets pruned away, goes away
babies born with huge amount of synapses, go away when don’t use them
speech discrimination
lose ability to hear/make certain phonemes, lose ability to discriminate between phonemes
facial expression
babies learn by watching, use lips/mouth as cue, use facial expressions to understand words/moods
what we see overrides what we hear
prelinguistic timeline
kids can communicate but don’t have language
1. crying (from birth) (reflexive, not intentional or conscious)
2. cooing (2-3 months), purposeful sounds, without meaning, vowels
3. babbling (4-6 months), add in consonants, repetitive, visible consonants
4. patterned speech (same time as babbling), pick up on patterns, turns, gestures, inflection
ages flexible, mostly for firstborns, later kids pick up language faster because hear it more
linguistic timeline
meaning comes in
- pre word (around 1 year), overextension
- two words
- telegraphic (around 2 years)
- phoneme production (4.5-6 years), can learn to read and write, can understand jokes, metaphonology
overextension
kids have small vocals so they take words they know and overextend, use for variety of things, one word for everything in schema
two words combinations
agent + object
agent + action
action + object
overgeneralization
overusing grammar rules
use typical form not correct form
I goed not I went
metaphonology
ability to understand how language works
ability to think about phonemes, etc, tone
metacognition
thinking about thinking
thinking components
language, mental images, concepts
language
big overlap with thinking
mental images
episodic memories, video/photo in head, all senses
concepts
interchangeable with schemes, v similar to schemas, mental categories, narrow or broad
whorfian hypothesis
language shapes how you think
problem solving
preparation, production, evaluation
preparation
identify the given facts, separating relevant from prevalent facts, defining the ultimate goal
production
algorithm, heuristic
means-end analysis
when path to solution not clear, make steps toward solution bc and reassess at each step
analogies
comparison between something understand and something don’t understand, take something abstract and confusing and turn it into something more concrete
obstacles to problems solving
mental set, functional fixedness, confirmation bias, misusing heuristics
mental set is
component of confirmation bias
availability heuristic
making assumption based on what is available readily in memory, extremes, stereotypes
representativeness heuristic
making stereotype based on typical, taking prototype and assuming true for all in schema
thurstone
7 intelligences/elements of intelligence
can be strong in some and weak in others
guilford
120 intelligences
theoretically good but practically bad
cattell
fluid vs crystallized intelligence
gardner misconception
not learning styles just intelligences
aptitude test
see what future career/success could/would be
can’t prepare for it, innate
achievement test
looks at past, what have achieved/learned
can study for
all intelligence theorists (from class)
spearman thurstone guilford cattell gardner sternberg