Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 3

Question 1

intellectual disability/intellectual developmental disorder

Answer 1

neurodevelopment disorder, defined in several ways:
1. person exhibits deficits in mental abilities, typically associated with IQ score approx two standard deviations below the mean on the normal curve
2. person’s adaptive behavior is severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age
3. limitations begin in developmental period
occurs in about 1% of population

Question 2

adaptive behavior

Answer 2

skills that allow people to live independently, such as being able to work at a job, communicate well with others, and grooming skills

Question 3

DSM

Answer 3

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
levels of severity based on level of adaptive functioning and level of support the individual requires
disability based on deficits in intellectual functioning, determined by standardized tests of intelligence and clinical assessment, which impact adaptive functioning across three domains

Question 4

three domains

Answer 4

conceptual, social, and practical

removes specific age criteria

Question 5

mild intellectual disability

Answer 5

may not be recognized as having deficits in the conceptual domain until reach school age, need some social and living assistance
most people with mental disabilities are this

Question 6

profound intellectual disability

Answer 6

limited ability to learn beyond simple matching and sorting tasks
poor communication skills
totally dependent on others
physical or sensory impairments

Question 7

categorizations of intellectual disabilities

Answer 7

milk, moderate, severe, profound

Question 8

causes of intellectual disability

Answer 8

unhealthy living conditions, inadequate brain development, poverty health risks, down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, lack of oxygen, damage in womb, accidents during childhood, etc

Question 9

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 9

condition that results form exposing a developing embryo to alcohol
intelligence levels range from below average to levels associated with intellectual disability

Question 10

fragile X syndrome

Answer 10

individual (more frequently male) has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair, leading to a deficiency in a protein needed for brain development
mild to severe or profound disability

Question 11

gifted

Answer 11

individuals who fall on the upper end of the normal curve, above IQ 30

Question 12

geniuses

Answer 12

if IQ falls above 140-145

less than 0.5% of the population

Question 13

terman

Answer 13

1921 study of the termites
study gifted/genius kids
early findings show gifted kids average physically and socially
not more susceptible to mental illness, more resistant in fact
highest IQs had some adjustment problems as kids

Question 14

termites later results

Answer 14

typically successful adults

more successful termites more consistent sense of self and vice versa

Question 15

termites

Answer 15

first truly longitudinal study

successful adults more goal oriented, more persistent in pursuing goals, and more self confident

Question 16

flaws in termite study

Answer 16

acquired participants by getting recommendations from teachers—not random selection, mostly white, urban, middle class kids
merman interfered in lives of his kids
also difference in parents of smarter kids

Question 17

joan freeman

Answer 17

gifted children grown up
similar longitudinal study, book
finding was that gifted kids who are pushed to achieve more at younger ages grow up to be disappointed and unhappy
being gifted does not always lead to success

Question 18

emotional intelligence

Answer 18

accurate awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions to facilitate thinking and attain specific goals, and the ability to understand what others feel
first introduced by salovey and mayer, popularized by goleman
not same as having high self esteem or being optimistic
self-control and empathy , persistence, motivation, etc

Question 19

emotional intelligence study

Answer 19

better ability to guess what person was feeling when wrote passage, higher SAT score, more emotional intelligence
higher emotional intelligence = smarter, better social relationships, more success

Question 20

natural experiments

Answer 20

circumstances existing in nature that can be examined to understand some phenomenon

Question 21

twin studies

Answer 21

natural experiments studying twins to see if intelligence is nature or nurture

Question 22

more genetic relatedness

Answer 22

stronger correlation between IQ scores of those people

Question 23

genetically identical twins

Answer 23

correlation of 0.86

means environment plays some role in determining intelligence

Question 24

heritability

Answer 24

proportion of change in IQ within a population that is caused by genetic factors
for intelligence is around .5 or 50%

Question 25

impact of genetic factors

Answer 25

increases with age, set of genes or genetic factors stay same
effects of same set of genes become larger with increasing age

Question 26

similar environmental influences

Answer 26

become less important over time

20% of variance in intelligence by age 11 or 12

Question 27

important about heritability

Answer 27

estimates of heritability apply only to changes in IQ within a group of people, not to the individual people themselves
can only apply within a group not across groups

Question 28

flynn effect

Answer 28

theory that IQ scores are steadily increasing over time, from generation to generation, in modernized countries

Question 29

the bell curve

Answer 29

1994 herrnstein and murray
say IQ inherited, people from lower economic levels are poor because they are unintelligent
but made statistical errors and ignore effects of environment and culture, and assumed intelligence highly influenced by genetics

Question 30

stereotype threat

Answer 30

just being aware of negative stereotypes can result in an individual scoring poorly on intelligence tests

Question 31

studies contradicting bell curve

Answer 31

no significant relationship between ethnicity and IQ