Sensation and Perception 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

perception

A

method by which brain takes all sensations person experiences at any given moment and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful fashion
some individually to it

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2
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus attention on a specific stimulus while filtering out a myriad of other stimuli
hear what is important to you and filter out (innate) what perceive as less important stimulus

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3
Q

size constancy

A

form of perceptual constancy
tendency to interpret object as always being the same size, regardless of distance from viewer or size of image casts on retina

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4
Q

shape constancy

A

tendency to interpret shape of object as constant, even when changes on retina

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5
Q

brightness constancy

A

tendency to perceive apparent brightness of object as same even when light conditions change

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6
Q

gestalt principles of perception

A

tendency to group objects and perceive whole shapes
following
prox, sim, clos, contin, contig, common region (later)

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7
Q

necker cube

A

problem = conflicting sets of depth cues, so viewer never sure which plane or edge in back and which in front

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8
Q

figure-ground relationships

A

tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background
reversible figures

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9
Q

reversible figures

A

figure and ground seem to switch back and forth

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10
Q

proximity

A

tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of same grouping
nearness

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11
Q

similarity

A

tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of same group

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12
Q

closure

A

tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

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13
Q

continuity

A

tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken up pattern

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14
Q

contiguity

A

tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
first event seen as causing second
ventriloquy

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15
Q

common region

A

not one of original principles
palmer
tendency to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group

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16
Q

depth perception

A

capability to see world in three dimensions
present in infants at young age
cues for perceiving depth = monocular cues and binocular cues

17
Q

visual cliff study

A

babies on table with pattern on half of top and bottom of other half, babies don’t want to go where pattern is on bottom, have some depth perception
gibson and walk

18
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cue
use of only one eye
aka pictorial depth cues bc artists can use cues to give illusion of depth to paintings and drawings
linear perspective, relative size, overlap, aerial perspective, texture gradient, motion parallax, accommodation

19
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cue
need both eye visual fields
convergene, binocular disparity

20
Q

linear perspective

A

tendency for lines that are actually parallel to seem to converge on each other
people assume converging lines indicate ends of lines are great distance away from where people are
m

21
Q

relative size

A

size constancy
objects that people expect to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away
m

22
Q

overlap

A

aka interposition
if one object seems to be blocking another object, people assume blocked object is behind first one and, therefore, farther away
m

23
Q

aerial (atmospheric) perspective

A

farther away object is, hazier the object will appear to be due to tiny particles of dust, dirt, and other pollutants in the air
m

24
Q

texture gradient

A

used by artists to give illusion of depth in painting
close things distinctly textured, but farther things = texture smaller and finer
m

25
Q

motion parallax

A

discrepancy in motion of near and far objects
in car, trees go by quickly but mountain move slower
m

26
Q

accommodation

A

monocular but not pictorial
muscular cue
brain uses info about visual accommodation (lens changes shape or thickness in response to objects near or far away) as a cue for distance

27
Q

convergence

A

muscular cue
rotation of two eyes in sockets to focus on single object
object close = large convergence (almost crossing eyes)
object far = less convergence
b

28
Q

binocular disparity

A

bc eyes few inches apart, don’t see exact same image
brain interprets images on retina to determine distance from the eyes
if two images diff, object close, if two images similar, object farther away

29
Q

illusion

A

perception that doesn’t correspond to reality
distorted perception of something really there
sometimes based on early sensory processes, subsequent processing, or higher level assumptions made by visual system
color afterimages due to opponent processing in retina or lateral geniculate nucleus

30
Q

hermann grid

A

black squares, white lines, see gray blobs where white lines converge
one ex = responses of neurons in primary visual cortex that respond best to bars of light of specific orientation (simple cells)

31
Q

feature detectors

A

huber and wiesel
simple cells = respond best to bars of light of specific orientation
complex cells = respond to orientation and movement
end-stopped cells = respond best to corners, culture, or sudden edges
all three kinds collectively = feature detectors bc respond to specific features of stimulus
need straight edges for illusion to occur

32
Q

muller lyer illusion

A

try to determine if two lines same length
identical but one line looks longer than other (one w angles on end facing out)
people pull inward facing angles toward them like outside corners of building, and make outward facing angles stretch away
western cultures more susceptible to illusion
zulu not susceptible bc few straight lines in culture

33
Q

moon illusion

A

moon on horizon appears larger than moon in sky
ex = moon in sky alone, no depth cues, but on horizon, moon behind stuff, make horizon seem far away, moon farther away, magnify moon in mind (misapplication of size constancy

34
Q

apparent distance hypothesis

A

bc people know object farther away from them yet still appear large are large, magnify moon in mind

35
Q

autokinetic effect

A

small stationary light in dark room appear to move or drift bc no surrounding cues to indicate not moving

36
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

in movies

rapid series of still pictures seem to be in motion

37
Q

phi phenomenon

A

lights turned on in sequence appear to move

ex open signs, strings of light

38
Q

rotating snakes illusion

A

kitaoka

increase in brain activity in visual area sensitive to motion, greatest when w accompanied by guided eye movements

39
Q

enigma

A

levant
eye movements primary cause for illusory motion in enigma
microsaccades (tiny eye movements) directly linked to perception of motion