Motivation 1 Flashcards
motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
extrinsic motivation
person performs action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from the person
intrinsic motivation
person performs action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner
instincts
biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior
exist in animals; humans don’t have any
mcdougall
propose 18 instincts in humans
but now say no instincts in humans (not mcdougall)
need
a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
drive
psychological tension and physical arousal that motivates organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
drive-reduction theory
connection between needs and drive (internal physiological states and outward behavior)
primary drives and secondary/acquired drives
homeostasis
good but doesn’t explain all human motivation
primary drives
drive-reduction theory
involve survival needs of the body such as hunger or thirst
primary reinforcers satisfy primary drives
acquired (secondary) drives
drive-reduction theory
learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
secondary reinforcers satisfy secondary drives
homeostasis
drive-reduction theory
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
keeps body in balance
nAff
need for affiliation
mcclelland
psychological need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
high in need want to be liked by others and held in high regard by those around them
nPow
need for power
mcclelland
reaching goals and having power over others
high in need want influence over others and make an impact, want ideas to be used even if bad
nAch
need for achievement
mcclelland
strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones
high in need want careers where evaluated by others, need feedback, want personal success not just riches
strongly related to success in life
dweck
need for achievement closely linked to personality factors, including person’s view of how self can affect individual’s perception of success or failure of actions
related to locus of control
self
the beliefs a person holds about his or her own abilities and relationships with others
locus of control
how much control people think they have over their lives
internal locus of control
assume have control over what happens in life, in charge
external locus of control
feel lives controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate
dweck research
two belief systems about intelligence
if believe intelligence fixed then external locus of control, give up and fail, learned helplessness, want to look smart
if believe intelligence changeable then internal locus, think own actions improve intelligence, work to master tasks, don’t let failure define them
stimulus motive
one that appears to be unlearned but causes increase in stimulation
human need = need for stimulation
ex curiosity, playing, exploration
arousal theory
people have optimal level of tension
task performances suffer is too aroused or not aroused enough
yerkes-dodson law
relationship between task performance and arousal
law refers to stimulus intensity not arousal level
moderate level of arousal best
sensation seeker
person who needs more arousal than normal
need more complex and varied sensory experiences, doesn’t always involve danger
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
incentive approaches
behavior explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
rewarding properties exist independently of any need or level of arousal, can cause people to act only upon incentive
based on learning principles
push pull thing
push of internal needs or drives, pull of rewarding external stimulus
