Sensation and Perception 3

Question 1

pitch

Answer 1

frequency
high, medium, low
different wavelengths

Question 2

volume

Answer 2

amplitude
how soft or loud sound is
height of wave

Question 3

timbre

Answer 3

saturation or purity of sound
richness in tone of sound
seldom heard

Question 4

hertz (Hz)

Answer 4

how measure frequency
cycles (waves per second)
human = 20-20000

Question 5

pinna

Answer 5

visible, external part of ear that serves as concentrator, funneling sound waves from outside into structure of ear
entrance to auditory canal
outer ear

Question 6

auditory canal

Answer 6

ear canal
short tunnel that runs down to tympanic membrane
outer ear

Question 7

tympanic membrane

Answer 7

eardrum
when sound waves hit this, cause 3 tiny bones in middl ear to vibrate
outer ear

Question 8

three tiny bones in middle ear

Answer 8

hammer = malleus
anvil = incus
stirrup = stapes

Question 9

ossicles

Answer 9

three bones of middle ear collectively
smallest bones in human body
vibration of ossicles amplifies vibrations from eardrum
stirrup (last in chain) causes membrane covering opening of inner ear to vibrate
middle ear

Question 10

oval window

Answer 10

membrane covering opening on inner ear
vibrations set off chain reaction within inner ear
causes fluid of cochlea to vibrate

Question 11

cochlea

Answer 11

inner ear, snail shaped
filled with fluid
when fluid vibrates, surrounds basilar membrane

Question 12

basilar membrane

Answer 12

membrane running through middle of cochlea
inner ear
resting place of organ of corti

Question 13

organ of corti

Answer 13

contains receptor cells for sense of hearing
when vibrates, brushes against membrane above it
on it are hair cells which are receptors for sound
when hair cells bent up against other membrane, send neural message through auditory nerve

Question 14

auditory nerve

Answer 14

contains axons of all receptor neurons

Question 15

hearing signal

Answer 15

organ of court through auditory nerve, into brain, thalamus, auditory cortex
louder sound = stronger vibrations

Question 16

pitch

Answer 16

how high or low a sound is

Question 17

place theory

Answer 17

helmholtz and békésy
pitch person hears depends on where hair cells that are stimulated are located on organ of corti
high sound = hair near oval window
low sound = hair farther away

Question 18

frequency theory

Answer 18

rutherford
pitch related to how fast basilar membrane vibrates
faster vibrations = higher pitch
slower vibrations = lower pitch

Question 19

which theory is correct

Answer 19

place theory correct when frequency above 1000 Hz

frequency theory correct when frequency up to 1000 Hz

Question 20

volley principle

Answer 20

wever and bray
accounts for 400=4000 Hz
groups of auditory neurons take turns firing in process called volleying
ex 300 = 100 fired 3 times

Question 21

hearing impairment

Answer 21

difficulties in hearing

partial or total

Question 22

conduction hearing impairment

Answer 22

conductive hearing loss
problems with mechanics of outer or middle ear
sound vibrations cannot be passed from eardrum to cochlea
cause = damaged eardrum or damage to bones of middle ear (infection)
hearing aids

Question 23

nerve hearing impairment

Answer 23

sensorineural hearing loss
problem in inner ear or auditory pathways and cortical areas of brain
most common kind of permanent loss
aging causes loss of hair cells in cochlea, loud noises damage hairs
tinnitus (annoying rising in ears)
hearing aids not enough, cochlear implants can help

Question 24

cochlear implant

Answer 24

device used to help restore some hearing for nerve impairment
sends signals from microphone behind ear to sound processor in pocket, which translate signals into electrical stimuli sent to electrodes in cochlea, allowing transduction to take place and stimulating auditory nerve
brain processes electrode info as sound

Question 25

taste and smell and when start taste

Answer 25

taste and smell connected, hard to taste without smell

taste one of earliest developed senses, when in stomach mother eats food, in amniotic fluid

Question 26

taste buds

Answer 26

taste receptor cells
neurons in mouth responsible for sense of taste
most on tongue, some on roof of mouth, cheeks, under tongue, throat
more taste buds = more sensitive to food, super taster (~500)

Question 27

gustation

Answer 27

sense of taste

Question 28

papillae

Answer 28

bumps on tongue

taste buds line walls of papillae

Question 29

taste bud receptor site

Answer 29

receive molecules of substances that fit into receptor, chemical sense, molecules dissolved in saliva send signal to brain, interprets taste
need to be replaced 10-14 days, tongue burned = takes longer

Question 30

henning

Answer 30

say four primary tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Question 31

lindemann

Answer 31

say fifth taste (brothy) = umami

ikeda isolate umami in kelp that generate umami = glutamate

Question 32

insula and frontal operculum

Answer 32

contains gustatory cortex
involved in conscious perception of taste
texture of food process in somatosensory cortex of parietal lobe

Question 33

certain tastes processed

Answer 33

all over tongue, not specific areas

tastes also affected by culture, personal expectations, and learning experiences

Question 34

sweetness

Answer 34

obese = experience less sweetness than not obese
can vary on perceived sweetness
hard to track food preferences bc of this

Question 35

cold sick

Answer 35

everything band because nose stuffed up so don’t smell