Sensation and Perception 3 Flashcards
pitch
frequency
high, medium, low
different wavelengths
volume
amplitude
how soft or loud sound is
height of wave
timbre
saturation or purity of sound
richness in tone of sound
seldom heard
hertz (Hz)
how measure frequency
cycles (waves per second)
human = 20-20000
pinna
visible, external part of ear that serves as concentrator, funneling sound waves from outside into structure of ear
entrance to auditory canal
outer ear
auditory canal
ear canal
short tunnel that runs down to tympanic membrane
outer ear
tympanic membrane
eardrum
when sound waves hit this, cause 3 tiny bones in middl ear to vibrate
outer ear
three tiny bones in middle ear
hammer = malleus anvil = incus stirrup = stapes
ossicles
three bones of middle ear collectively
smallest bones in human body
vibration of ossicles amplifies vibrations from eardrum
stirrup (last in chain) causes membrane covering opening of inner ear to vibrate
middle ear
oval window
membrane covering opening on inner ear
vibrations set off chain reaction within inner ear
causes fluid of cochlea to vibrate
cochlea
inner ear, snail shaped
filled with fluid
when fluid vibrates, surrounds basilar membrane
basilar membrane
membrane running through middle of cochlea
inner ear
resting place of organ of corti
organ of corti
contains receptor cells for sense of hearing
when vibrates, brushes against membrane above it
on it are hair cells which are receptors for sound
when hair cells bent up against other membrane, send neural message through auditory nerve
auditory nerve
contains axons of all receptor neurons
hearing signal
organ of court through auditory nerve, into brain, thalamus, auditory cortex
louder sound = stronger vibrations
pitch
how high or low a sound is
place theory
helmholtz and békésy
pitch person hears depends on where hair cells that are stimulated are located on organ of corti
high sound = hair near oval window
low sound = hair farther away
frequency theory
rutherford
pitch related to how fast basilar membrane vibrates
faster vibrations = higher pitch
slower vibrations = lower pitch
which theory is correct
place theory correct when frequency above 1000 Hz
frequency theory correct when frequency up to 1000 Hz
volley principle
wever and bray
accounts for 400=4000 Hz
groups of auditory neurons take turns firing in process called volleying
ex 300 = 100 fired 3 times
hearing impairment
difficulties in hearing
partial or total
conduction hearing impairment
conductive hearing loss
problems with mechanics of outer or middle ear
sound vibrations cannot be passed from eardrum to cochlea
cause = damaged eardrum or damage to bones of middle ear (infection)
hearing aids
nerve hearing impairment
sensorineural hearing loss
problem in inner ear or auditory pathways and cortical areas of brain
most common kind of permanent loss
aging causes loss of hair cells in cochlea, loud noises damage hairs
tinnitus (annoying rising in ears)
hearing aids not enough, cochlear implants can help
cochlear implant
device used to help restore some hearing for nerve impairment
sends signals from microphone behind ear to sound processor in pocket, which translate signals into electrical stimuli sent to electrodes in cochlea, allowing transduction to take place and stimulating auditory nerve
brain processes electrode info as sound
taste and smell and when start taste
taste and smell connected, hard to taste without smell
taste one of earliest developed senses, when in stomach mother eats food, in amniotic fluid
taste buds
taste receptor cells
neurons in mouth responsible for sense of taste
most on tongue, some on roof of mouth, cheeks, under tongue, throat
more taste buds = more sensitive to food, super taster (~500)
gustation
sense of taste
papillae
bumps on tongue
taste buds line walls of papillae
taste bud receptor site
receive molecules of substances that fit into receptor, chemical sense, molecules dissolved in saliva send signal to brain, interprets taste
need to be replaced 10-14 days, tongue burned = takes longer
henning
say four primary tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter
lindemann
say fifth taste (brothy) = umami
ikeda isolate umami in kelp that generate umami = glutamate
insula and frontal operculum
contains gustatory cortex
involved in conscious perception of taste
texture of food process in somatosensory cortex of parietal lobe
certain tastes processed
all over tongue, not specific areas
tastes also affected by culture, personal expectations, and learning experiences
sweetness
obese = experience less sweetness than not obese
can vary on perceived sweetness
hard to track food preferences bc of this
cold sick
everything band because nose stuffed up so don’t smell
