States of Consciousness 2 Flashcards
nightmares
bad dreams
kids spend more time in it
REM behavior disorder
brain mechanisms that normally inhibit the voluntary muscles fail
person can thrash around and get up and act out nightmares
usually men over 60, can be others
night terrors
more likely in kids
state of panic experienced while sound asleep
sit up, move, feel can’t breathe, don’t remember often
differences between nightmares and night terrors
nightmares usually vividly remembered when waking
nightmares occur during REM sleep but night terrors occur in NREM
people don’t move in nightmares
sleepwalking/somnambulism
20% of population, partially due to heredity
more common in childhood and in boys
most don’t remember
if prevent sleep loss can help prevent sleepwalking
insomnia
inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
psychological and physiological causes
help for insomnia
go to bed only when sleepy
don’t do anything in bed except sleep (classical conditioning, bed cue for sleep)
keep regular sleep schedule
don’t take sleeping pills or drugs that slow down nervous system
sleep apnea
person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more
when breathing stops, sudden silence then gasping sound
snoring
don’t awake (many) but don’t get good rest
wear nasal opening device, lose weight, nasal spray, CPAP, surgery
continuous positive airway pressure
for sleep apnea
device that delivers continuous stream of air under mild pressure
uvula
surgery to get this (and some of surrounding soft tissues) removed helps with sleep apnea
little flap that hangs down at back of throat
baby apnea
due to immaturity of brain stem
placed on monitors that sound alarm when breathing stops
associated with SIDS, not causation
narcolepsy
sleep seizure
person may slip suddenly into REM sleep during the day, especially when experience strong emotions
excessive daytime sleepiness, fall asleep in bad times and places
cataplexy
cataplexy
sudden loss of muscle tone
symptom of narcolepsy
freud dreams
thought unconscious mind and childhood memories appeared in dreams
believe conflicts, events, and desires of the past represented in symbolic form in the dreams
dreams = wish fulfillment
manifest content
actual dream itself
freud
latent content
true meaning of dream
hidden, expressed only in symbols
dreams product of activity in the
pons
pons inhibits neurotransmitters that allow movement of voluntary muscles while sending random signals to areas of cortex that interpret vision, hearing, etc
activation-synthesis hypothesis
dream merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep
less realities because comes not from outside reality but from people’s memories and experiences of past
frontal lobes shut down so unrealistic dreams
activation-information-mode model (AIM)
hobson
information that is accessed during waking hours can have influence on synthesis of dreams
aka when brain making up dream to explain own activation, uses meaningful bits of person’s recent experiences
what do people dream about
events that occur in everyday life
gender, hormonal/genetic, sociocultural influences, or combo
men = dream about men, aggression, unfamiliar, tools, sex
women = men and women, victims, familiar, personal/family
hypnosis
state of consciousness in which person especially susceptible to suggestion
only works if willing to be hypnotized
steps in hypnotic induction
- hypnotist tells person to focus on what is being said
- person told to relax and feel tired
- hypnotist tells person to let go and accept suggestions easily
- person told to use vivid imagination
brain hypnotizing
highly hypnotizable people have more active areas associated with decision making and attention
hypnotic susceptibility
degree to which person is good hypnotic subject
ordered suggestions
basic suggestion effect
tendency to act as though behavior is automatic and out of control
gives people excuse to do things might not otherwise do because burden of responsibility on hypnotist
subject hypnotizes self, can’t be hypnotized against will
dissociation
splitting of conscious awareness
hilgard theory
believe hypnosis work only on immediate conscious mind of person while part of mind (hidden observer) remains aware of all that was going on
arms in ice study = subjects feel no pain, deny it
social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
experiment, participants asked to behave as if were hypnotized, could do what hypnotized people could
assumes people who are hypnotized are not in altered state but are merely playing role expected of them in situation, may believe hypnotized, social roles
