Personality 2 Flashcards
psychoanalysis
term freud applied to both explanation of workings of unconscious mind and the development of personality and therapy he based on that theory
neo freudians
new freudian psychoanalysts
object to focus on biology and sexuality
break away from strict interpretation of psychoanalytic theory
impact of social environment
keep id, superego, ego, defense mechanisms
jung words
personal unconscious
collective unconscious
archetypes
disagree w freud over nature of unconscious mind
personal unconscious
as described by freud
jung
collective unconscious
contains kind of species memory
memories of ancient fears and themes that seem to occur in many folktales and cultures
jung
archetypes
collective, universal human memories
many, ex anima/animus, shadow, persona
jung
anima/animus
feminine side of a man/masculine side of a woman
jung
shadow
dark side of personality
devil in western cultures
jung
persona
side of one’s personality shown to world
jung
adler
disagree w freud over importance of sexuality in personality development
theory that all kids develop feelings of inferiority when comparing selves to adults, driving force behind all human bx/thoughts seeking of superiority
prominent = compensation defense mechanism
adler theory part 2
birth order affect personality
firstborn inferior to younger
middle easy, superior over older and younger
younger inferior to older
some evidence, some link to career choices, others say sloppy and biased
horney
disagree w freud about difference between males and females and penis envy
basic anxiety
womb envy
neurotic personalities
womb envy
men feel need to compensate for lack of child bearing abilities by striving for success in other areas
horney
basic anxiety
created in child born into world that is so much bigger and more powerful than child
people whose parents give love, affection, and security overcome anxiety
less secure upbringings develop neurotic personalities
neurotic personalities
result of less secure upbringings
maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
horney
ways of dealing with anxiety
move toward people, become dependent and clingy
move against people, become aggressive, demanding, and cruel
move away from people, withdraw from personal relationships
horney
erikson
disagree with freud’s emphasis on sex
prefer ro emphasize social relationships important at every stage of life
today freud
originally sex theory not useful but other concepts ex unconscious and defense mechanisms used
but freud did no science, observer and interpretation bias
warp data, base things on interpretations of dreams, not good enough, ambiguous
huge sample bias, all same people
but also big influence on modern world
today freud 2
first to suggest that personality develops through stages, that we aren’t always consciously aware of reasons for bx, and that early life experiences influence who we are later in life
behaviorists
researchers who use the principles of conditioning to explain the actions and reactions of both animals and humans
social cognitive theorists
researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors on learning
habits
learned responses
for behaviorist, personality nothing more than these
social cognitive learning theorists
emphasize importance of both influences of other people’s bx and of a person’s own expectancies on learning, hold that observational learning, modeling, and other cognitive learning techniques can lead to the formation of patterns of personality
social cognitive view
behavior governed not just by influence of external stimuli and response patterns but also by cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, and memory as well as learning through imitation of models
reciprocal determinism
bandura
three factors influence one another in determining the patterns of bx that make up personality
the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors that the person brings into the situation from earlier experiences
three factors affect other two in reciprocal, or give and take, relationship
environment in reciprocal determinism
actual physical surroundings, other people who may or may not be present, and the potential for reinforcement in those surroundings
intensity and frequency of bx influenced
by environment and have impact on environment
person brings previously reinforced responses (personality) and mental processes such as thinking and anticipating into situation
self-efficacy
bandora
person’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
not same as self-esteem
self-esteem
positive values a person places on his or her sense of worth
high/low self-efficacy
high/low depend on what has happened in similar circumstances in past (success or failure), what other people tell them about their competence, and own assessment of abilities
high self-efficacy = more persistent and expect to succeed
low self-efficacy = expect to fail and tend to avoid challenges
rotter’s social learning theory
theory based on basic principle of motivation derived from thorndike’s law of effect (people motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment)
personality relatively stable set of potential responses to situations, if in past certain way led to good consequence, would become pattern of responding or part of personality
locus of control
rotter
tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
internal locus of control
people who assume own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience
high achievement motivation (will to succeed in any attempted task)
external locus of control
people who assume their lives are more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate
give up too quickly or attribute events in lives to external causes, can fall into patterns of learned helplessness and depression
rotter two key factors
expectancy and reinforcement value
expectancy
similar to bandura’s self-efficacy, refers to person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
high expectancy for success similar to high self-efficacy, based on past experiences with successes and failures
reinforcement value
individual’s preference for particular reinforcer over all other possible reinforcing consequences
things/circumstances particularly appealing have higher reinforcement value than other possible reinforcers
current thoughts on behaviorist and social cognitive views
behaviorism doesn’t take mental processes into account and doesn’t give social influences weight in learning
social cog has been scientifically tested
too complex to explain completely but enabled development of therapies based on learning theory that have become effective in changing undesirable bx
