Development 3 Flashcards
temperament
behavioral and emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at first
three basic temperament styles of infants
- easy: regular in schedules, happy, easy to soothe, adaptable to change
- difficult: irregular schedules, unhappy about change, hard to soothe, unhappy
- slow to warm up: quiet, regular but slow to adapt to change
can be mix
attachment
the emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver
important in social, physical, emotional, cognitive, etc development
stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
wariness of strangers
fear of being separated from the caregiver
attachment styles based on ainsworth study
secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized-disoriented
secure attachment style
explore room happily, check in with mom every once in a while, wary when stranger came in but calm if mom nearby
get upset when mom leave, happy when mom back
avoidant attachment style
somewhat willing to explore but no check in with mom
no look at stranger or mother
no interest or concern in mom disappearing
ambivalent attachment style
clinging and unwilling to explore
upset by stranger regardless of mom’s absence
hard to soothe when mother left, mixed reaction to return
disorganized-disoriented attachment style
not ainsworth
unable to decide how to react to mom’s return
approach her with eyes turned away
fearful
imprinting
lorenz
describes how infant animals attach themselves to or follow the first animal/person they see immediately after birth
harlow monkey study
monkeys prefer warm and cuddly mom even if fed by wire mom
self-concept
image you have of yourself
based on interactions with important people in your life
erikson focus and stages
focus on importance of social relationships in development of personality
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generatively vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair
trust vs mistrust
0-1
infants learn a basic sense of trust dependent on how needs are met
responsive parents = believe world will meet needs
neglectful/abusive parents = mistrust world, fail to thrive
autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3
toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions
success = parents encourage expiration and independence, independent, confident
no success = parents controlling and judge baby, insecure, doubts abilities, no independence
initiative vs guilt
3-5
learn to take responsibility for their own behavior as they develop self control
success = parents encourage problem solving, making choices, self-confident, power
no success = parents criticize and hover, no confidence, guilt over attempts
industry vs inferiority
5-12
must learn new skills in academic and social worlds, compare selves to others to measure success/failure
success = parents/teachers encourage useful skills, apply self
no success = parents/teachers discourage practice, insecurity
identity vs role confusion
13-20s
must decide who are, what believe, what want to be
success = find role, sense of self and role in society
no success = no clear role, no stable identity, delinquency, hard to form relationships
intimacy vs isolation
20s-30s
find person who can share identity with in ongoing, close, personal relationship
success = form relationship, connected to others
no success = no form relationship, avoid others, feel cut off
most heavily influenced by earlier stage failures
generativity vs stagnation
40s-50s
find way to be creative, productive person who nurtures next generation
success = have kids or help others, feel useful
no success = don’t help others, turn inward, focus on possessions, no purpose
ego integrity vs despair
60s+
come to terms with end of life, reach sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been
success = success in earlier stages, satisfaction, acceptance
no success = look back at failure in earlier stages, regrets
adolescence
the period of life from 13-early 20s
young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self supporting adult
puberty
clearest sign of beginning of adolescence
physical changes in both primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
result of complex series of glandular activities stimulated by pituitary gland
primary vs secondary sex characteristics
primary = growth of the actual sex organs such as penis or uterus secondary = changes in the body such as development of breasts and body hair
the kinsey study
sexuality spectrum, many white middle class college kids though important source of information about sexuality
personal fable
adolescents have spent so much time thinking about own thoughts and feelings that become convinced that they are special, one of a kind, and that no one else has ever had these thoughts and feelings before them
feel invulnerable
imaginary audience
extreme self consciousness in adolescents
become convinced that everyone is looking at them and that they are always the center of everyone else’s world
kohlberg theory of morality
three stages, pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional
criticized as male oriented and biased toward western studies
pre conventional morality
morality of an action is based on the consequences; actions that get rewarded are right and those that earn punishment are wrong
young kids
conventional morality
an action is morally right if it conforms to the rules of the society and wrong if it does not
older kids and adults
postconvtional morality
1/5 of adult population
morality determined by the experiences and judgements of person, even if that judgement disagrees with society’s rules
men vs women report vs relate style of communication
report = men, switch topics often, attempts to dominate conversation relate = share private lives and show concern and sympathy, interrupt less
identity vs role confusion
erikson
psychological crisis faced by adolescent
teen must choose from among many options for values in life and beliefs concerning things such as political issues, career options, and marriage
must find consistent sense of self from these options
peer pressure
parent teen conflict
certain amount of challenging bx and conflict is necessary step in breaking away from childhood dependence on parents and becoming self-sufficient adult
