Theory Final Flashcards
What are two causes of thickening of tissues?
Oedema and fibrosis
The great classes of Osteopathic spinal lesions include _____ lesions.
Traumatic, Reflex, Acute, Chronic (ALL of the ABOVE)
Of all the muscles attached to the spine, only two, the _____ and the _____ are attached to the vertebral bodies.
Longus Colli & Psoas
One of the effects of a reflex spinal lesion is acute ______ stress.
Postural
As compared with the cervical and lumbar regions, the thoracic region has little _____.
Motion
Pottenger says “in the presence of disease of an internal viscus the sensory cell bodies of the cord in the segment in reflex relation become highly ______ from being bombarded by stimuli coming from that diseased viscus”.
Excitable
In the case of a chronic lesion, a lesion must exist in an acute form for a certain period of time before any of the ______ thickening of ligament and muscle, which characterises the chronic lesion can appear.
Fibrotic
______ rigidity affects vertebral joint tissues.
Muscular, Ligamentous, Fascial (ALL of the ABOVE)
What factors can impair the function of the sacrum and pelvic ring?
Faulty position in seated and standing, Bad occupational posture, Strains from childbearing (ALL of the ABOVE)
Seepage of blood corpuscles into the spaces about the congested capillaries is known as
Diapedesis
Localized congestion of lymph and venous blood, caused by pinch of muscle tension on the vessels lying in the skeletal muscle fibers is known as ______ congestion.
Type 1 Congestion
According to Gordon M. Holmes, the normal tone or tension of muscles is dependent on the integrity of the peripheral reflex arc, which consists of the afferent, sensory fibres from the muscle that enter the cord by the _______ spinal roots and terminate by synapses around the cells of the corresponding motor neurons.
Dorsal
In the acute lesion the muscles are tense, swollen, and ______. In the chronic lesion they are ______ and fibrotic, giving a stringy feeling beneath the palpating fingers.
- Acute = tense, swollen and tender
- Chronic = fibrotic & contractured
Which of the following variations in effects cause lesions?
Life experience
Why are parasympathetic effects less wide-spread?
The parasympathetic nerve fibres have their cell stations close to their destination so that the effects are less widely spread.
In the ______ lesion, the muscles of the segmental group are principally affected since they are in intimate relation to the joint.
Reflex
In the acute lesion, upon the establishment of the lesion, abnormal impulses appear in the muscles in relation, causing ________ changes and changes in muscular tone.
Vascular
Which of the following best describes a relatively slow and gentle action maintained over much longer periods of time, and little heat production?
Contracture
The capsule is well supplied with arteries, which enter the ligament at its ______.
Periphery
A common finding in spinal lesions is a relative lowering of _______ in surrounding tissues.
Alkalinity
21) The deep axial muscles (segmental muscles) are of principal importance in maintaining the _________ after the force has traumatized them and the lesion is established
lesion
Effort exerted on a bone and through it to ligaments and muscles is known as____
Strain
When the body attempts to force a certain joint through movements which it cannot perform on account of restricted motion, ________ is caused
Irritaion
Lesions that cause stiffness in certain areas of the spine force the body to use more ____ to carry the body.
Energy
When articular facets are carried by traumatic force past their limit of normal excursion but short of dislocation, the condition is termed _______
None of the above (it is termed subluxation)
“When a painful stimulus is applied to a part of low sensibility which has close central connection with a part of much higher sensibility, the pain produced is felt in the part of higher sensibility rather than in the part of lower sensibility to which the stimulus was applied”
Heads law
Where is the joint position of rest located?
Between the extremes of motion
Fixation in the muscular walls of the ______ occurs simultaneously with the fixation in the involuntary fibers of the spinal joint muscles
Blood vessel
Apart from neutralizing? their antagonists, dorsal muscles are constantly fighting _____ when we either stand or sit.
Gravity
What is the reflex arc composed of?
All of the above (a receptor, afferent nerve, efferent nerve)
Inflammation repeatedly occurring in the tissues of a certain joint is cumulative, and the formation of fibrous tissue in muscles fasciculi and in ligament-fibers refers to a
Fibrous contracture
Which of the following causes abnormal nerve fibers from a lesioned segment?
None of the above
There may be a movement about several areas at one time or about each in. It is lack of ________ in these movements, which produces the osteopathic lesion
Coordination
According to Chester F. Foster. D.O. the osteopathic spinal lesion is a ?? in the _____
Infant
When the articulating facets have, by traumatization, been forced beyond their normal range of movement and the joint has become fixed in that position, then we have a _____ joint.
Subluxated
Which of the following best describes the fusing of many muscle twitches, quick action and lots of heat produced?
Contraction
In studying spinal muscles we must first observe them in two groups according to their situation, one ___ to the spinal column and the other _____
- Posterior/ anterior
The osteopathic greater lesion includes disturbances to ______ tissues
All of the above (nervous, somatic, vascular, glandular)