Theory Final Flashcards
What are two causes of thickening of tissues?
Oedema and fibrosis
The great classes of Osteopathic spinal lesions include _____ lesions.
Traumatic, Reflex, Acute, Chronic (ALL of the ABOVE)
Of all the muscles attached to the spine, only two, the _____ and the _____ are attached to the vertebral bodies.
Longus Colli & Psoas
One of the effects of a reflex spinal lesion is acute ______ stress.
Postural
As compared with the cervical and lumbar regions, the thoracic region has little _____.
Motion
Pottenger says “in the presence of disease of an internal viscus the sensory cell bodies of the cord in the segment in reflex relation become highly ______ from being bombarded by stimuli coming from that diseased viscus”.
Excitable
In the case of a chronic lesion, a lesion must exist in an acute form for a certain period of time before any of the ______ thickening of ligament and muscle, which characterises the chronic lesion can appear.
Fibrotic
______ rigidity affects vertebral joint tissues.
Muscular, Ligamentous, Fascial (ALL of the ABOVE)
What factors can impair the function of the sacrum and pelvic ring?
Faulty position in seated and standing, Bad occupational posture, Strains from childbearing (ALL of the ABOVE)
Seepage of blood corpuscles into the spaces about the congested capillaries is known as
Diapedesis
Localized congestion of lymph and venous blood, caused by pinch of muscle tension on the vessels lying in the skeletal muscle fibers is known as ______ congestion.
Type 1 Congestion
According to Gordon M. Holmes, the normal tone or tension of muscles is dependent on the integrity of the peripheral reflex arc, which consists of the afferent, sensory fibres from the muscle that enter the cord by the _______ spinal roots and terminate by synapses around the cells of the corresponding motor neurons.
Dorsal
In the acute lesion the muscles are tense, swollen, and ______. In the chronic lesion they are ______ and fibrotic, giving a stringy feeling beneath the palpating fingers.
- Acute = tense, swollen and tender
- Chronic = fibrotic & contractured
Which of the following variations in effects cause lesions?
Life experience
Why are parasympathetic effects less wide-spread?
The parasympathetic nerve fibres have their cell stations close to their destination so that the effects are less widely spread.
In the ______ lesion, the muscles of the segmental group are principally affected since they are in intimate relation to the joint.
Reflex
In the acute lesion, upon the establishment of the lesion, abnormal impulses appear in the muscles in relation, causing ________ changes and changes in muscular tone.
Vascular
Which of the following best describes a relatively slow and gentle action maintained over much longer periods of time, and little heat production?
Contracture
The capsule is well supplied with arteries, which enter the ligament at its ______.
Periphery
A common finding in spinal lesions is a relative lowering of _______ in surrounding tissues.
Alkalinity
21) The deep axial muscles (segmental muscles) are of principal importance in maintaining the _________ after the force has traumatized them and the lesion is established
lesion
Effort exerted on a bone and through it to ligaments and muscles is known as____
Strain
When the body attempts to force a certain joint through movements which it cannot perform on account of restricted motion, ________ is caused
Irritaion
Lesions that cause stiffness in certain areas of the spine force the body to use more ____ to carry the body.
Energy
When articular facets are carried by traumatic force past their limit of normal excursion but short of dislocation, the condition is termed _______
None of the above (it is termed subluxation)
“When a painful stimulus is applied to a part of low sensibility which has close central connection with a part of much higher sensibility, the pain produced is felt in the part of higher sensibility rather than in the part of lower sensibility to which the stimulus was applied”
Heads law
Where is the joint position of rest located?
Between the extremes of motion
Fixation in the muscular walls of the ______ occurs simultaneously with the fixation in the involuntary fibers of the spinal joint muscles
Blood vessel
Apart from neutralizing? their antagonists, dorsal muscles are constantly fighting _____ when we either stand or sit.
Gravity
What is the reflex arc composed of?
All of the above (a receptor, afferent nerve, efferent nerve)
Inflammation repeatedly occurring in the tissues of a certain joint is cumulative, and the formation of fibrous tissue in muscles fasciculi and in ligament-fibers refers to a
Fibrous contracture
Which of the following causes abnormal nerve fibers from a lesioned segment?
None of the above
There may be a movement about several areas at one time or about each in. It is lack of ________ in these movements, which produces the osteopathic lesion
Coordination
According to Chester F. Foster. D.O. the osteopathic spinal lesion is a ?? in the _____
Infant
When the articulating facets have, by traumatization, been forced beyond their normal range of movement and the joint has become fixed in that position, then we have a _____ joint.
Subluxated
Which of the following best describes the fusing of many muscle twitches, quick action and lots of heat produced?
Contraction
In studying spinal muscles we must first observe them in two groups according to their situation, one ___ to the spinal column and the other _____
- Posterior/ anterior
The osteopathic greater lesion includes disturbances to ______ tissues
All of the above (nervous, somatic, vascular, glandular)
Taplin believed that _____ lesions were compensatory to ______ lesions
- Extension / Flexion
Which of the following is a classification of a rib lesion?
a) Intervertebral lesion with rib involvement
b) Rib lesion with intervertebral joint involvement
c) Rib lesion without intervertebral involvement
d) All of the above
D
From the standpoint of therapeutics, all that is necessary to to correct the lesion is to removal the
irritation
It was the specific bony lesion that brought therapeutic success to Dr. A.T. Still and attracted the attention of the world to the cures which resulted from his application of _____ of correction of anatomical relationships
Principle
How can sudden violence be delivered to the bones and other tissues?
a) Through contracting muscles
b) Through anatomic lever of the spinal ligaments with the muscle relaxed
c) Through spinal bones
d) All of the above
D
According to Leon E. Page D.O. the acute spinal lesion is produced by the pull of ___ reaching the gliding planes of the joint.
Muscles
How is the strength and velocity of the nerve impulse modified?
a) Variations in temperature
b) Toxins
c) Oxygen supply
d) All of the above
D
47) ____ lesions have reflex symptoms caused by impulses from the spinal cord centers in relation to it instantly upon its formation.
Traumatic
____ lesions always retains some acute symptoms which with slight provocation definitely increase.
Chronic
49) Where can a fracture to the vertebrae occur?
a) Body
b) Spinous process
c) Transverse process
d) Laminae
e) All of the above
E
50) What kind of stress causes mal-alignment in spinal joints too great to be automatically returned to normal
a) Too sudden and unexpected
b) Too great in force
c) Applied over too long period of time
d) All of the above
D
According to Lesionology, where can a sprain occur?
Ligaments and muscles
When a joint is prevented by any cause from taking normal position, joints above and below are called upon to compensate by adding to their function the lost function of the lesioned joint. This term is known as _____ ?
Compensation
Limitation of articular motion is not primary but secondary to ____ tension.
Muscular
Spinal lesions cause a serious ____ in the margin between health and lowered resistance.
Depletion - “when spinal function is disturbed by the osteopathic lesion, the added force depletion of the margin between vigorous health on the one hand and low resistance on the other
The simple osteopathic spinal joint lesion, as discovered by A.T. Still is an active abnormal _____ with the resulting and accompanying _____ complex, and a damping out of normal function.
Stimulus / reflex
Why are spinal joint reflexes important?
The body depends on them for its integrity
According to J.S. Amussen, the irritation by a lesion, sent into the cord, and carried by nerves to distant paths is due, not to (dilution/?) or increase in the ______ of the stimuli, but to a change in the quality of the stimuli.
Quantity
The superficial axial muscles receive nerves from several segments. They are of first importance in the control of body and gross and thus are of first importance in causing the traumatic spinal lesion.
Equilibrium/posture
If the facets are not ankylosed, and on the first examination the motion may not be observed, then the facets are said to be?
Fixate
What is another term for a causative lesion?
Traumatic
A lesion pathology in one of the several articulations within a spinal joint is named a lesion?
Articular
In the case of a chronic lesion, a lesion must exist in an acute form for a certain period of time before any of the thickening of ligament and muscle, which characterizes the chronic lesion can appear.
Fibrotic
_______ rigidity affects vertebral joint tissues.
Muscular, Ligamentous, Fascial (ALL of the ABOVE)
Localized congestion of lymph and venous blood, caused by pinch of muscle tension on the vessels lying in the skeletal muscle fibers is known as congestion.
Type 1
A common finding in spinal lesions is a relative lowering of _______ in surrounding tissues.
Alkalinity
In the acute traumatic lesion (and reflexive lesion), the longer and more muscles establish the lesion, while the short muscles lying close to the articulation and receiving nerves from that spinal cord segment are only responsible for the maintenance.
Superficial/deep
Where do most disease symptoms come from
Conflict between fixation and the need for plasticity
Regardless of the type of technique used when the spine is manipulated, many are elicited by touch and motion
Reflexes
Important conditions to be discussed are the rigidity or of spinal joints within their normal range of movement and bony subluxations in the field outside normal range of motion
Fixation
According to Albert E. Guy ME., D.O. the living spine is never at rest. Whether the body is in its natural relaxed position or in displacement, the vertebrae are always in one upon each other.
Motion
Correction of the lesion may require bony adjustment of the vertebrae, which, by restoring normal tension, breaks the reflex and relaxes the muscles.
Articular
The individual pattern of each human spine is largely determined during the few years following the child’s learning to ____
Walk
In studying the spinal muscles we must first observe them in two groups according to the situation, one ______to the spinal column and the other_______
Posterior/anterior
If, instead of rigidity, we have lack of tone of the tissues about the joint, then scientifically applied movement supplies a physiologically , which restores tone to the tissues.
Stimulus
According to Chester F. Foster, D.O., if a patient be examined at intervals over a period of years, it will be found that whatever spinal trouble that individual has will tend to recur in certain
Joints
According to Bulletin 4, AT Still Research institute P.34, the microscopic muscular changes are clear and well defined. The contracture is due to an interstitial myo??? Which increases connective tissue and ______________ muscle fibers.
Atrophy
According to Earl Hawkins, in the adult, any difficulty in _______________ function is an important failure in body function in youth, it is of far greater importance because in that period, the framework of the adult is formed.
Skeletal
According to Bulletin 1, AT Still Research institute p.19, the ligaments about a lesioned joint are strained and stretched and more or less _________ follows. Proliferative changes and thickening are observed.
Hyperplasia
The articular facet of spinal joints normally glide freely one upon the other but within certain definite limitations of movement. The extent of the movement may be _____________ somewhat beyond the normal by unnatural force.
Increased
According to V.E. LeRoy, In all the osteopathic lesions the _______________ is the all important thing.
Muscle
Which of the following best describes the fusing of many muscle twitches, quick action and lots of heat produced?
Contraction
The osteopathic lesion complex is also known as ???
Physiological lesion
Important as pressure effects are, we are of the opinion that rigidity of spinal joints is of equal importance as a factor in predisposing to??
Disease
If the soft tissues are normal in structure and in tone and there is no proliferation??? in connective tissue, no adhesions, deposits, etc. the ____________ function will not be impaired
Joint
According J S Amussan, it is also of importance to point out that when an organ is functionally or organically disturbed, it tends to refer this trouble to external __________.
Tissues
According to Chester Foster DO, with the exception of the infant, every human spine, especially examined in the _____________ position, shows the effects of certain injurious tissues and torsions
Upright
If, instead of rigidity, we have a lack of tone? of the tissues? about the joint, significantly applied movement supplies physiological _____________ which /?????? to the tissues???.
Stimulus
Joint rigidity means loss of joint function. Loss of joint function means disturbed _________. Flexibility means circulation. Circulation means function. F.C.F.
Health
Just as secretion of gastric juices depends upon the presence of food in the mouth, so visceral functioning depends, to a large extent, on stimuli initiated by movement of the
NOT Muscles, bones, tensons, NONE OF THE ABOVE
A very slightly lesioned vertebra, one which during mechanical ……………rotated beyond the normal limits of motion, may be ………..in a disease condition, while a great ….. seems to have ____________ abnormal effect.
Little
According to Barker, the importance of normal adequate stimuli for the welfare of neurons in health can no longer be questioned. For the maintenance of absolutely perfect function, the relation to stimuli to the reparative nutritive power of the cell must absolutely and perfectly ___________.
Adjusted
The principal part of spinal treatment is directed to the manipulation? of the _________ in joints, but the subluxation, the true bony lesion, is often an essential factor for ……..?
Motion
What is another term for a causative lesion?
Traumatic
The nerves of the capsule are numerous, They reach the ligament with the arterial network and form plexuses in the substance. Some are vasomotor to the arteries they accompany but the greater numbers are ____________.
Sensory
Apart from neutralizing their antagonist, dorsal muscles are constantly fighting _______________ when we either stand or sit.
Gravity
