Module 1 Kidney's Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 2 parts of a Nephron?
Renal Corpuscle, Renal Tubules
What are in the Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s space
What is the function of the Renal Tubules
Convert tubular fluid into urine through reabsorption and secretion
What is the difference between the Afferent and Efferent arterioles of the Nephron?
Afferent: From Cortical Radiate A’s
Efferent: Feed into Vasa Recta or Peritubular Capillaries (High resistance)
Glomerular filtration rate is mainly regulated by ??
Balance tone of both afferent and efferent arterioles
Hydrostatic to colloid osmotic forces across glomerular membrane
Filtration is the transfer of water and solutes from ?? To where?
plasma, into Bowman’s space.
What are the compinenbets of the glomerular filtration aparatus?
Fenestrated Glomerular capillary
Glomerular basement Membrane
Podocyte foot processes with Filtration slits
What are the types of cells in the Collecting Duct??
Principle Cells
Intercalated cells
What are the Principle cells (Where are they located?)
Sodium reabsorption,
Located the initial collecting tubule and the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts
What is the function of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
Resorptive Capillaries of Renal tubules and collecting Ducts
Site of most reabsorption
All nutrients (Glucose/ AA’s/ Water/ Na)
What is the function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis.
The Descending thin limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to? and not to?
Permeable to H2O NOT permeable to Salts
As Tubular fluid descends in the DCT .. H2O Diffuses from where to where?
from DTL into Saltier ECF
What are the 2 Classes of Nephrons ?
Cortical and Juxtamedullary
Efferent arterioles become
Peritubular capillaries
Of the Juxtaglomerular Complex (JCG); what are the 3 types of cells?
Macula Densa
Granular Cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
What are Macula Densa Cells?
Chemoreceptors monitoring NaCl content of filtrate entering DCT’s
Granular Cells (In arteriolar walls) of Kidneys detect?
Also called Juxtaglomerular cells
… are responsible for the production, storage, of renin… which regulates blood pressure.
What are the Mesangial Cells in the JCG?
Located in the junction between the afferent
and efferent arterioles.
Contractile property similar to vascular smooth
muscles
role in “regulating GFR” by altering the vessel
diameter
Juxtaglomerular cells are responsible for the production, storage, and release of .. Which helps what?
Renin which regulates blood pressure
When is Renin Released?
Baroreceptors (pressure-sensitive receptors) in your arterial vessels detect low blood pressure. Your kidneys detect low salt (sodium) levels.
What in the Kidneys promotes the release of renin and activates the RAAS system?
β1-adrenergic receptors
Where are the kidneys, β1-adrenergic receptors located?
Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys
WTF is the Counter- Current Exchanger?
Check Ninja
What is plasma?
Non-cellular component of blood
What is Filtrate?
Plasma after it filters through glomerulus and Podocytes)
What is Filtration?
Transfer of H2o and Solutes from plasma within the glomerulus through fenestrated capillary infiltration slits into Bowmans Spac
What kidney is lower, what vetebral level, and what typr of periotoneal ?
Retroperitoneal to T12-L5
Right kidney lower (Crowded by liver)
What is the pathway of Urine flow?
Renal pyramid - Minor Calyces- Mjr- Renal pelvis - Ureter
What is the pathway of blood to the kidneys?
Aorta
Renal Artery
Segmental Artery
Interlobar Artery
Arcuate
Cortical Radiate Artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus (Capillaries)
What is the venous drainage of the Kidneys?
Peritubular capillaries
Cortical radiate and Arcuate vein
Interlobar Vein
Renal vein
Inferior Vena Cava
What force opposes GFR?
back pressure from hydrostatic pressure of the fluid within the capsule and colloid osmotic pressure
Forces that govern and Counteract filtration in the glomerular capillaries
Learn and Figure out..
How is GFR maintained in Kidneys?
CHECK LEARN
Net Filtration Pressure and Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is proportional to?
Filtration membrane permieability
SA Availible for filtration
Net filtration Pressure
What is the Transcellular Route for tubular reabsprtion
UIghh
What are the 5 barrier that a substance must go through to be reabsorbed (Transepithelial transport)
Leave tubular fluid crossing luminal cell membrane
Cytosol
Cross basolateral membrane
Interstitial fluid
Capillary wall
Adrenal Gland Nerve
T10- Celiac plexus
The arteries to the adrenals are?
Suprarenal Arteries (Superior) (Middle) (Inferior)
Where do the Superior Suprarenal arteries branch from?
(Superior From Inferior Phrenic)
Where do the Inferior Suprarenal arteries branch from?
(Inferior from Renal Artery)
Where do the Middle Suprarenal arteries branch from?
(Middle from Abdominal Aorta)
What is the drainage (Lymp) from adrenals?
Superior Lumbar (Lateral aortic) Nodes
What is the Arrangement of structures at the Hilum?
Anterior: Renal Vein
Intermediate: Renal Artery
Posterior: Renal Pelvis
What are the Posterior Relations of Kidney?
Diaphragm, 12th rib on the R. Side and 11-12th on the L, Psoas Mjr, QL muscle, Transvere Abdominis (Lateral)
What are the Anterior Relations of the Right Kidney?
R. Suprarenal Gland, 2nd part Duodenum, R (Lobe liver, Colic flexure) Ascending branch of R. Colic artery
What are the Anterior Relations of the Left Kidney?
L. Suprarenal, Stomach, Spleen, Panc, Splenic Vessles, L. Colic Flexure, Start of Descending Colon, Branches of L. Colic Vessels
What is the Lienorenal Ligament?
Peritoneal fold connects the F. of the L. Kidney with spleen
What part of the pancreas is the only intraperitoneal portion?
Tail
What are the contents of the Linorenal Ligament
Splenic Artery W/ Sympathetic fibers and Splenic Vein
Tail of Pancreas
Pancreatosplenic lymph nodes and vessels
Extraperitoneal Fat
What is the Coronary Ligament (Hepatorenal Ligament) Liver?
Pouch of peritoneum that extends from the lower posterior surface of the liver to the anterior surface of the right kidney
epiploic foramen
WTF?
What is the Lymphatic Drain of the Kidneys?
Lateral Aortic Lymph Nodes
What does the biliary system consists of ?
bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile
Juxtaglomerular Cells Produce?
Renin
When are Juxtaglomerular Cells activated?
Juxtaglomerular Cells are poorly perfused
Where are extraJuxtaglomerular mesanglial Cells located?
Junctions btw afferent and efferent arterioles
What is the role of the extraJuxtaglomerular mesanglial Cells in GFr regulation?
Alters the vessle diameter because the properties of these is similat to actions on Smooth muscle
Macula Densa cells respond to?
Changes in NaCl in Distal tubules of Nephron
Increase in the NaCL concebtration cause? What types of cells?
Causes Adjacent afferent arterioles to constrict
Macula Densa cells
In the PCT what are the main mechanisms?
Active, Many mitochondria
In the PCT what are the main Functions?
Reabsorbs Glucose, Lactate, AA’s, H20, K+. Cl-
In the descending loop of henle what is the main mechanism?
Passive Descending
In the descending loop of henle what are the main substances absorbed?
Water
In the descending loop of henle what is it impermeable to?
NaCL… and its NOT absorbed
What is the difference in urine concentration between the descending loop of henle, and Ascending loop?
Descending- urine is Concentrated
Ascending - Urine Is Diluted
what is the main mechanism of action in the Ascending loop?
Active and Passive Reabsorbtion
In the Ascending loop of henle what is it impermeable to?
Impermeable to Water
NaCl IS absorbed
In the DCT is the mechanims active or passive?/ Main function?
Active, Reabsorbtion
What is secreted in the DCT?
Ions, Tonins, Drugs
What is Absorbed in the DCT?
Sodium ions
In the Collecting ducts what is the main mechanism, and function?
Active mechanims, secretion of organic acids
What are the 2 stages of Micturation
Storage
Voiding
During the storage phase of Micturation what is happening?
Commidations and compliance of bladder
During the voiding phase of Micturation what is happening?
Relaxation of Sphincter
Regulated contractions of Detrusor Muscle
Activation of what the sphincters comes from what?
Pelvic Splanchnic nerves
What are the components of the Male ductal system?
Vas Deference, Epididymis, Urethra
What is the storage tank for sperm/ Final maturation?
Epididymis
The ejaulatory duct is connected to?
Vas Deferense
Of the Male glands (accessoty) what produces the most semen?
Seminal Vesicles
What are the external organs/Structures
Penis, testes
What are the contents of the Lienorenal Ligament?
Splenic Artery W/ Sympathetic fibers and Splenic Vein
Tail of Pancreas
Pancreatosplenic lymph nodes and vessels
Extraperitoneal Fat
Nerves of the Ureter?
From Ureteric Plexus, Renal, aortic, superior and inferior hypogastric plexus T10-L2, S2-4
Ateries of Ureter?
Renal, Gonadal, A.B (Common Iliac)
Veins of Ureter?
Ureter vein drains to renal and testicular/ Ovarian veins and back to Vena Cava
Lymph of Ureter?
Lumbar, External/ Internal/Common Iliac Nodes
What muscle is Continuous with Scarpa’s fascia of abdomen as well as Colle’s fascia?
Dartos Muscle
Contraction of What muscle wrinkles the skin of the testicles to reducing heat loss
Daratos
What is the nerve supply to the anterior 1/3 of the scrotum?
Ilioinguinal Nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
What is the nerve supply to the Post 2/3 of the scrotum?
Scrotal nerves (Branches of Pudendal)
Perineal branch of Post. Cutaneous nerve of thigh
Aldosterone Stimulates ENaC Where/ to do?
Aldosterone Stimulates ENaC (Distal DT/ Collecting Duct) Which increases Na+ reabsorption
What are the components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula Densa
Mesangial Cells
