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3rd Year > Module 1 Kidney's Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 1 Kidney's Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of a Nephron?

A

Renal Corpuscle, Renal Tubules

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2
Q

What are in the Renal Corpuscle

A

Glomerulus
Bowman’s space

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3
Q

What is the function of the Renal Tubules

A

Convert tubular fluid into urine through reabsorption and secretion

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4
Q

What is the difference between the Afferent and Efferent arterioles of the Nephron?

A

Afferent: From Cortical Radiate A’s

Efferent: Feed into Vasa Recta or Peritubular Capillaries (High resistance)

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5
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is mainly regulated by ??

A

Balance tone of both afferent and efferent arterioles

Hydrostatic to colloid osmotic forces across glomerular membrane

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6
Q

Filtration is the transfer of water and solutes from ?? To where?

A

plasma, into Bowman’s space.

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7
Q

What are the compinenbets of the glomerular filtration aparatus?

A

Fenestrated Glomerular capillary

Glomerular basement Membrane

Podocyte foot processes with Filtration slits

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8
Q

What are the types of cells in the Collecting Duct??

A

Principle Cells

Intercalated cells

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9
Q

What are the Principle cells (Where are they located?)

A

Sodium reabsorption,

Located the initial collecting tubule and the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts

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10
Q

What is the function of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

A

Resorptive Capillaries of Renal tubules and collecting Ducts

Site of most reabsorption
All nutrients (Glucose/ AA’s/ Water/ Na)

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11
Q

What is the function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A

regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis.

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12
Q

The Descending thin limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to? and not to?

A

Permeable to H2O NOT permeable to Salts

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13
Q

As Tubular fluid descends in the DCT .. H2O Diffuses from where to where?

A

from DTL into Saltier ECF

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14
Q

What are the 2 Classes of Nephrons ?

A

Cortical and Juxtamedullary

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15
Q

Efferent arterioles become

A

Peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

Of the Juxtaglomerular Complex (JCG); what are the 3 types of cells?

A

Macula Densa

Granular Cells

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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17
Q

What are Macula Densa Cells?

A

Chemoreceptors monitoring NaCl content of filtrate entering DCT’s

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18
Q

Granular Cells (In arteriolar walls) of Kidneys detect?

A

Also called Juxtaglomerular cells

… are responsible for the production, storage, of renin… which regulates blood pressure.

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19
Q

What are the Mesangial Cells in the JCG?

A

Located in the junction between the afferent
and efferent arterioles.

Contractile property similar to vascular smooth
muscles

role in “regulating GFR” by altering the vessel
diameter

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20
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells are responsible for the production, storage, and release of .. Which helps what?

A

Renin which regulates blood pressure

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21
Q

When is Renin Released?

A

Baroreceptors (pressure-sensitive receptors) in your arterial vessels detect low blood pressure. Your kidneys detect low salt (sodium) levels.

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22
Q

What in the Kidneys promotes the release of renin and activates the RAAS system?

A

β1-adrenergic receptors

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23
Q

Where are the kidneys, β1-adrenergic receptors located?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys

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24
Q

WTF is the Counter- Current Exchanger?

A

Check Ninja

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25
Q

What is plasma?

A

Non-cellular component of blood

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26
Q

What is Filtrate?

A

Plasma after it filters through glomerulus and Podocytes)

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27
Q

What is Filtration?

A

Transfer of H2o and Solutes from plasma within the glomerulus through fenestrated capillary infiltration slits into Bowmans Spac

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28
Q

What kidney is lower, what vetebral level, and what typr of periotoneal ?

A

Retroperitoneal to T12-L5
Right kidney lower (Crowded by liver)

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29
Q

What is the pathway of Urine flow?

A

Renal pyramid - Minor Calyces- Mjr- Renal pelvis - Ureter

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30
Q

What is the pathway of blood to the kidneys?

A

Aorta
Renal Artery
Segmental Artery
Interlobar Artery
Arcuate
Cortical Radiate Artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus (Capillaries)

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31
Q

What is the venous drainage of the Kidneys?

A

Peritubular capillaries
Cortical radiate and Arcuate vein
Interlobar Vein
Renal vein
Inferior Vena Cava

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32
Q

What force opposes GFR?

A

back pressure from hydrostatic pressure of the fluid within the capsule and colloid osmotic pressure

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33
Q

Forces that govern and Counteract filtration in the glomerular capillaries

A

Learn and Figure out..

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34
Q

How is GFR maintained in Kidneys?

A

CHECK LEARN

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35
Q

Net Filtration Pressure and Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is proportional to?

A

Filtration membrane permieability

SA Availible for filtration

Net filtration Pressure

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36
Q

What is the Transcellular Route for tubular reabsprtion

A

UIghh

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37
Q

What are the 5 barrier that a substance must go through to be reabsorbed (Transepithelial transport)

A

Leave tubular fluid crossing luminal cell membrane

Cytosol

Cross basolateral membrane

Interstitial fluid

Capillary wall

38
Q

Adrenal Gland Nerve

A

T10- Celiac plexus

39
Q

The arteries to the adrenals are?

A

Suprarenal Arteries (Superior) (Middle) (Inferior)

40
Q

Where do the Superior Suprarenal arteries branch from?

A

(Superior From Inferior Phrenic)

41
Q

Where do the Inferior Suprarenal arteries branch from?

A

(Inferior from Renal Artery)

42
Q

Where do the Middle Suprarenal arteries branch from?

A

(Middle from Abdominal Aorta)

43
Q

What is the drainage (Lymp) from adrenals?

A

Superior Lumbar (Lateral aortic) Nodes

44
Q

What is the Arrangement of structures at the Hilum?

A

Anterior: Renal Vein
Intermediate: Renal Artery
Posterior: Renal Pelvis

45
Q

What are the Posterior Relations of Kidney?

A

Diaphragm, 12th rib on the R. Side and 11-12th on the L, Psoas Mjr, QL muscle, Transvere Abdominis (Lateral)

46
Q

What are the Anterior Relations of the Right Kidney?

A

R. Suprarenal Gland, 2nd part Duodenum, R (Lobe liver, Colic flexure) Ascending branch of R. Colic artery

47
Q

What are the Anterior Relations of the Left Kidney?

A

L. Suprarenal, Stomach, Spleen, Panc, Splenic Vessles, L. Colic Flexure, Start of Descending Colon, Branches of L. Colic Vessels

48
Q

What is the Lienorenal Ligament?

A

Peritoneal fold connects the F. of the L. Kidney with spleen

49
Q

What part of the pancreas is the only intraperitoneal portion?

A

Tail

50
Q

What are the contents of the Linorenal Ligament

A

Splenic Artery W/ Sympathetic fibers and Splenic Vein

Tail of Pancreas

Pancreatosplenic lymph nodes and vessels

Extraperitoneal Fat

51
Q

What is the Coronary Ligament (Hepatorenal Ligament) Liver?

A

Pouch of peritoneum that extends from the lower posterior surface of the liver to the anterior surface of the right kidney

52
Q

epiploic foramen

A

WTF?

53
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drain of the Kidneys?

A

Lateral Aortic Lymph Nodes

54
Q

What does the biliary system consists of ?

A

bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile

55
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells Produce?

A

Renin

56
Q

When are Juxtaglomerular Cells activated?

A

Juxtaglomerular Cells are poorly perfused

57
Q

Where are extraJuxtaglomerular mesanglial Cells located?

A

Junctions btw afferent and efferent arterioles

58
Q

What is the role of the extraJuxtaglomerular mesanglial Cells in GFr regulation?

A

Alters the vessle diameter because the properties of these is similat to actions on Smooth muscle

59
Q

Macula Densa cells respond to?

A

Changes in NaCl in Distal tubules of Nephron

60
Q

Increase in the NaCL concebtration cause? What types of cells?

A

Causes Adjacent afferent arterioles to constrict

Macula Densa cells

61
Q

In the PCT what are the main mechanisms?

A

Active, Many mitochondria

62
Q

In the PCT what are the main Functions?

A

Reabsorbs Glucose, Lactate, AA’s, H20, K+. Cl-

63
Q

In the descending loop of henle what is the main mechanism?

A

Passive Descending

64
Q

In the descending loop of henle what are the main substances absorbed?

A

Water

65
Q

In the descending loop of henle what is it impermeable to?

A

NaCL… and its NOT absorbed

66
Q

What is the difference in urine concentration between the descending loop of henle, and Ascending loop?

A

Descending- urine is Concentrated

Ascending - Urine Is Diluted

67
Q

what is the main mechanism of action in the Ascending loop?

A

Active and Passive Reabsorbtion

68
Q

In the Ascending loop of henle what is it impermeable to?

A

Impermeable to Water

NaCl IS absorbed

69
Q

In the DCT is the mechanims active or passive?/ Main function?

A

Active, Reabsorbtion

70
Q

What is secreted in the DCT?

A

Ions, Tonins, Drugs

71
Q

What is Absorbed in the DCT?

A

Sodium ions

72
Q

In the Collecting ducts what is the main mechanism, and function?

A

Active mechanims, secretion of organic acids

73
Q

What are the 2 stages of Micturation

A

Storage
Voiding

74
Q

During the storage phase of Micturation what is happening?

A

Commidations and compliance of bladder

75
Q

During the voiding phase of Micturation what is happening?

A

Relaxation of Sphincter
Regulated contractions of Detrusor Muscle

76
Q

Activation of what the sphincters comes from what?

A

Pelvic Splanchnic nerves

77
Q

What are the components of the Male ductal system?

A

Vas Deference, Epididymis, Urethra

78
Q

What is the storage tank for sperm/ Final maturation?

A

Epididymis

79
Q

The ejaulatory duct is connected to?

A

Vas Deferense

80
Q

Of the Male glands (accessoty) what produces the most semen?

A

Seminal Vesicles

81
Q

What are the external organs/Structures

A

Penis, testes

82
Q

What are the contents of the Lienorenal Ligament?

A

Splenic Artery W/ Sympathetic fibers and Splenic Vein
Tail of Pancreas
Pancreatosplenic lymph nodes and vessels
Extraperitoneal Fat

83
Q

Nerves of the Ureter?

A

From Ureteric Plexus, Renal, aortic, superior and inferior hypogastric plexus T10-L2, S2-4

84
Q

Ateries of Ureter?

A

Renal, Gonadal, A.B (Common Iliac)

85
Q

Veins of Ureter?

A

Ureter vein drains to renal and testicular/ Ovarian veins and back to Vena Cava

86
Q

Lymph of Ureter?

A

Lumbar, External/ Internal/Common Iliac Nodes

87
Q

What muscle is Continuous with Scarpa’s fascia of abdomen as well as Colle’s fascia?

A

Dartos Muscle

88
Q

Contraction of What muscle wrinkles the skin of the testicles to reducing heat loss

A

Daratos

89
Q

What is the nerve supply to the anterior 1/3 of the scrotum?

A

Ilioinguinal Nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

90
Q

What is the nerve supply to the Post 2/3 of the scrotum?

A

Scrotal nerves (Branches of Pudendal)
Perineal branch of Post. Cutaneous nerve of thigh

91
Q

Aldosterone Stimulates ENaC Where/ to do?

A

Aldosterone Stimulates ENaC (Distal DT/ Collecting Duct) Which increases Na+ reabsorption

92
Q

What are the components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula Densa
Mesangial Cells

3rd Year (26 decks)

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