Module 1 Phy Flashcards
Glomerular filtrate: all substances in
blood except ?
RBCs & plasma protein
Juxtaglomerular Cells produce?
Renin
Extraglomerular mesangial cells are located?
junction between the afferent and efferent arterioles.
Extraglomerular mesangial cells are similar to smooth muscle?
Contractile property
Extraglomerular mesangial cells role in GFR?
Altering the vessel diamete
Macula Densa Respond to changes in the?
Sodium chloride levels in the distal tubule of the nephron
What do Macula Densa cells do to NaCl??
increase in the NaCl concentration causes
adjacent afferent arteriole to constrict
What does the PCT reabsorb?
65% of water, sodium, potassium and chloride,
ALL Glucose, Amino Acid’s
What are the walls of the PCT and DCT made of?
simple cuboidal epithelium (Lots of Mito?)
What is the descending loop of Henle impermeable to? and permeable to?
Impermeable to NaCL
Permeable to Water
Where is the urine concentrated versus diluted?
Concentrated in Loop oh Henle (DESCENDING)
Diluted in Loop (ASCENDING)
What is the DCT impermeable to?
Water (Without ADH)
When the DCT encounters aldosterone due to hypovolemia what happens?
Rapidly increase NaCl reabsorption to help restore blood volume
What is the bascment membrane consist of?
Endothelium
Endothelium (Basement membrane)
Epithelium (Basement membrane)
Epithelium
GFR filtrates all substances except?
RBC’s and Plasma
What is GFR proportional to?
Net Filtration (Hydro Pressure in Glomerus)
Total surface area availible for filtration
Filtration membrane permeability
How are the nephron Capillary beds Different than others?
Both Fed and Drained by Arterioles
Where do the Afferent arterioles arise from?
Cortical Radiate A
Where do the Efferent arterioles move blood to?
Into Vasa Recta or Peritubular Capillaries (High resistance)
Glomerular Filtration Apparatus is composed of?
Fenestrated Glomerular capillary
Glomerular basement Membrane
Podocyte foot processes with Filtration slits
What are Podocytes?
Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into Capsular space
What are the types of cells in the Collecting Duct??
Principle Cells (intercalated cells)
Sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct
Why are the intercalated discs important? Where are they?
Intercalated cells have apical microvilli and contain many mitochondria.
They engage in K+ and HCO3- secretion out of and H+ secretion into the collecting duct.
Reabsorption in CD’s depends on what regulating hormones
ADH, activates Aquaporins 2, these increase water reabsorption
Aldosterone, Activates ENaC Which increases Na+ reabsorption
Proximal Convoluted Tubule have what type of cells to increase SA for Capacity for reabsorb?
brush boarder
Distal Convoluted Tubule Reabsorbs?
Na, Cl, CA, Aldosterone
The loop of Henle is Permeable to __ and Not Permeable to___
Permeable to H2O NOT permeable to Salts
As Water descendss in the Loop, what happens and why?
Becomes Saltier
Because its permeable to H2O BUT NOT Salt Water will be diffusing … Water Follows Salt!
I come in and mt pee is weird colored… We do a Dip stick, it comes out negative…and no RBC… What is this? Then I remember what?!
Psuedohematuria…. OH I ATE BEETS yesterday!!
I come in and mt pee is weird colored… We do a Dip stick, and it comes out positiive, and NO RBC’s are present… What is this?
Myoglobin- rhabdomyolysis
I come in and mt pee is weird colored… We do a Dip stick, and it comes out positiive, and RBC’s are present… What is this?
True Hematuria.
Pathological Proteinuria, where there is a large loss of albumin can be what ?
Proteinuria, Pathological, glomerular, Secondary (Infections, Medications, Cancer ect..)
What is Caused by hypoperfusion of the kidneys?
Prerenal Acute Renal Failure
Postrenal Acute renal failure can be caused by??
Blockage of urine flow from kidneys
Pericarditis and pulmonary edema are common in what kind of Kidney Dysfunction
Chronic Renal Failure (Loss of nephrons)
Psychogenic polydipsia, Diabetes mellitus, and Diabetes insipidus can be seen in what kind of Urine Output?
Polyuria
Complete cessation of urine production is called? and is what cataory of Urine Output?
Anuria (Complete Loss)
General Category (Oliguria)
Detrusor Muscle overactivity would impact what organ primarily? and what type of urinary incontinence is this?
What are the symptoms?
Urge incontinence
Involuntary leakage (Urine) preceeded by strong sudden urge to void
If I have involuntary leakage of urine, with sudden increases in intra-abdominal pressure what kind of urinary incontinence could this be? What anatomy is associated?
Stress Urinary incontinence
Urethra/ Sphincter weaknesses
What are the characteristics of Overflow urinary incontinence ?
Involuntary Leakage of urine, intravesical pressure exceeds urethral Pressure
OUCH!! I peed and it hurt? Wtf is going on?
Dysuria
Gonorrhea and Harsh Pisses can be called ?
gonococcal urethritis
Chlamydia and Harsh Pisses can be called ?
Non-gonococcal urethritis
Pyelonephritis?? Say whattt?
UTI- with an infection of the kindey
Abdominal pain, fever chils, urinary frequency/ urgency? What might be happening?
Pyelonephritis -UTI
What is the difference beyween Pyelonephritis and Urethritis/ Cystitis
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra and is a lower urinary tract infection
Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection where one or both kidneys become infected
Is Dysuria present in Pyelonephritis or Urethritis?
Urethritis
Cryptorchidism Whats this?
Testicle not coming down
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? Whats this!
A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
Androgen mediated growth (DHT) can be associated with what?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Azotemia WTF is this?
Too Much nitrogen in blood
Post-renal azotemia comes from ?? What damage type
issues in the ureters and bladder. Usually, a patient has some diagnosis of obstruction,
Damage to the structure of the kidney like the glomeruli, renal tubules would lead to what type a pathology (There are 3 types)
Intrinsic azotemia
Prerenal azotemia is caused by?
when you don’t have enough blood flowing through your kidneys. Blood loss, dehydration, heart failure, liver failure
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary amenorrhea?
Primary- Menses has Never happened.
Secondary- Something happens to stop this.. Exercise/Eating/Pregnancy
Gynecological Uterine Bleeding- menorrhagia?
heavy bleeding, including prolonged menstrual periods or excessive bleeding during a normal-length period
Gynecological Uterine Bleeding-metrorrhagia?
bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between expected menstrual periods (Abuse/ Trauma/ Weight loss)
Non-Gynecological Uterine Bleeding- Endocrine vs Drugs?
Endocrine (Hypo/ Hyperthyroidism) (Adrenal insufficency)
Drugs (Anticoagulants/ Chemo)
Dyspareunia
Pain with Sex
A painless ulcer… What kind of STD?
chancre syphilis
Three stage of syphilis
– Primary: chancre
– Secondary: rash
– Tertiary: systemic
What disease is caused by Spirochete?
syphilis
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
And Qestern blot test. can help you diagnose?
HIV and AIDS
anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) is called?
Condylomata accuminatum
placenta previa vs abruptio placentae
Previa - Abnormal location
Abrupto- Proper placed (implanted placenta)
What may be a cause if there is Swelling of the abdomen. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Discomfort with bowel movement (including constipation) Fever. General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling. Pain in lower abdomen or pelvic region (uterine pain)
Endometriosis
What is Endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue located outside its normal position
Aldosterone causes What to happen to potassium and what to sodium? By what cells?
Aldosterone causes sodium to be absorbed and potassium to be excreted into the lumen by principal cells
In Principal cells, aldosterone does what?
Increases the expression of sodium channels and sodium-potassium ATPase
What is the function of Principal cells?
responsible for sodium reabsorption via the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel ENaC.
Principal cells also secrete potassium via the ROMK potassium channel.
