Module 1 Phy Flashcards by Corey Thatcher

Glomerular filtrate: all substances in
blood except ?

RBCs & plasma protein

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Juxtaglomerular Cells produce?

Renin

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Extraglomerular mesangial cells are located?

junction between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

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Extraglomerular mesangial cells are similar to smooth muscle?

Contractile property

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Extraglomerular mesangial cells role in GFR?

Altering the vessel diamete

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Macula Densa Respond to changes in the?

Sodium chloride levels in the distal tubule of the nephron

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What do Macula Densa cells do to NaCl??

increase in the NaCl concentration causes
adjacent afferent arteriole to constrict

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What does the PCT reabsorb?

65% of water, sodium, potassium and chloride,

ALL Glucose, Amino Acid’s

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What are the walls of the PCT and DCT made of?

simple cuboidal epithelium (Lots of Mito?)

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What is the descending loop of Henle impermeable to? and permeable to?

Impermeable to NaCL

Permeable to Water

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Where is the urine concentrated versus diluted?

Concentrated in Loop oh Henle (DESCENDING)

Diluted in Loop (ASCENDING)

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What is the DCT impermeable to?

Water (Without ADH)

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When the DCT encounters aldosterone due to hypovolemia what happens?

Rapidly increase NaCl reabsorption to help restore blood volume

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What is the bascment membrane consist of?

Endothelium
Endothelium (Basement membrane)
Epithelium (Basement membrane)
Epithelium

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GFR filtrates all substances except?

RBC’s and Plasma

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What is GFR proportional to?

Net Filtration (Hydro Pressure in Glomerus)
Total surface area availible for filtration
Filtration membrane permeability

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How are the nephron Capillary beds Different than others?

Both Fed and Drained by Arterioles

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Where do the Afferent arterioles arise from?

Cortical Radiate A

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Where do the Efferent arterioles move blood to?

Into Vasa Recta or Peritubular Capillaries (High resistance)

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Glomerular Filtration Apparatus is composed of?

Fenestrated Glomerular capillary
Glomerular basement Membrane
Podocyte foot processes with Filtration slits

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What are Podocytes?

Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into Capsular space

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What are the types of cells in the Collecting Duct??

Principle Cells (intercalated cells)

Sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct

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Why are the intercalated discs important? Where are they?

Intercalated cells have apical microvilli and contain many mitochondria.
They engage in K+ and HCO3- secretion out of and H+ secretion into the collecting duct.

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Reabsorption in CD’s depends on what regulating hormones

ADH, activates Aquaporins 2, these increase water reabsorption

Aldosterone, Activates ENaC Which increases Na+ reabsorption

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Proximal Convoluted Tubule have what type of cells to increase SA for Capacity for reabsorb?

brush boarder

Distal Convoluted Tubule Reabsorbs?

Na, Cl, CA, Aldosterone

The loop of Henle is Permeable to __ and Not Permeable to___

Permeable to H2O NOT permeable to Salts

As Water descendss in the Loop, what happens and why?

Becomes Saltier Because its permeable to H2O BUT NOT Salt Water will be diffusing … Water Follows Salt!

I come in and mt pee is weird colored... We do a Dip stick, it comes out negative...and no RBC... What is this? Then I remember what?!

Psuedohematuria.... OH I ATE BEETS yesterday!!

I come in and mt pee is weird colored... We do a Dip stick, and it comes out positiive, and NO RBC's are present... What is this?

Myoglobin- rhabdomyolysis

I come in and mt pee is weird colored... We do a Dip stick, and it comes out positiive, and RBC's are present... What is this?

True Hematuria.

Pathological Proteinuria, where there is a large loss of albumin can be what ?

Proteinuria, Pathological, glomerular, Secondary (Infections, Medications, Cancer ect..)

What is Caused by hypoperfusion of the kidneys?

Prerenal Acute Renal Failure

Postrenal Acute renal failure can be caused by??

Blockage of urine flow from kidneys

Pericarditis and pulmonary edema are common in what kind of Kidney Dysfunction

Chronic Renal Failure (Loss of nephrons)

Psychogenic polydipsia, Diabetes mellitus, and Diabetes insipidus can be seen in what kind of Urine Output?

Polyuria

Complete cessation of urine production is called? and is what cataory of Urine Output?

Anuria (Complete Loss) General Category (Oliguria)

Detrusor Muscle overactivity would impact what organ primarily? and what type of urinary incontinence is this? What are the symptoms?

Urge incontinence Involuntary leakage (Urine) preceeded by strong sudden urge to void

If I have involuntary leakage of urine, with sudden increases in intra-abdominal pressure what kind of urinary incontinence could this be? What anatomy is associated?

Stress Urinary incontinence Urethra/ Sphincter weaknesses

What are the characteristics of Overflow urinary incontinence ?

Involuntary Leakage of urine, intravesical pressure exceeds urethral Pressure

OUCH!! I peed and it hurt? Wtf is going on?

Dysuria

Gonorrhea and Harsh Pisses can be called ?

gonococcal urethritis

Chlamydia and Harsh Pisses can be called ?

Non-gonococcal urethritis

Pyelonephritis?? Say whattt?

UTI- with an infection of the kindey

Abdominal pain, fever chils, urinary frequency/ urgency? What might be happening?

Pyelonephritis -UTI

What is the difference beyween Pyelonephritis and Urethritis/ Cystitis

Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra and is a lower urinary tract infection Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection where one or both kidneys become infected

Is Dysuria present in Pyelonephritis or Urethritis?

Urethritis

Cryptorchidism Whats this?

Testicle not coming down

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? Whats this!

A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland

Androgen mediated growth (DHT) can be associated with what?

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Azotemia WTF is this?

Too Much nitrogen in blood

Post-renal azotemia comes from ?? What damage type

issues in the ureters and bladder. Usually, a patient has some diagnosis of obstruction,

Damage to the structure of the kidney like the glomeruli, renal tubules would lead to what type a pathology (There are 3 types)

Intrinsic azotemia

Prerenal azotemia is caused by?

when you don't have enough blood flowing through your kidneys. Blood loss, dehydration, heart failure, liver failure

What is the difference between Primary and Secondary amenorrhea?

Primary- Menses has Never happened. Secondary- Something happens to stop this.. Exercise/Eating/Pregnancy

Gynecological Uterine Bleeding- menorrhagia?

heavy bleeding, including prolonged menstrual periods or excessive bleeding during a normal-length period

Gynecological Uterine Bleeding-metrorrhagia?

bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between expected menstrual periods (Abuse/ Trauma/ Weight loss)

Non-Gynecological Uterine Bleeding- Endocrine vs Drugs?

Endocrine (Hypo/ Hyperthyroidism) (Adrenal insufficency) Drugs (Anticoagulants/ Chemo)

Dyspareunia

Pain with Sex

A painless ulcer... What kind of STD?

chancre syphilis

Three stage of syphilis

– Primary: chancre – Secondary: rash – Tertiary: systemic

What disease is caused by Spirochete?

syphilis

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) And Qestern blot test. can help you diagnose?

HIV and AIDS

anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) is called?

Condylomata accuminatum

placenta previa vs abruptio placentae

Previa - Abnormal location Abrupto- Proper placed (implanted placenta)

What may be a cause if there is Swelling of the abdomen. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Discomfort with bowel movement (including constipation) Fever. General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling. Pain in lower abdomen or pelvic region (uterine pain)

Endometriosis

What is Endometriosis?

Endometrial tissue located outside its normal position

Aldosterone causes What to happen to potassium and what to sodium? By what cells?

Aldosterone causes sodium to be absorbed and potassium to be excreted into the lumen by principal cells

In Principal cells, aldosterone does what?

Increases the expression of sodium channels and sodium-potassium ATPase

What is the function of Principal cells?

responsible for sodium reabsorption via the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel ENaC. Principal cells also secrete potassium via the ROMK potassium channel.